Life at a Fur Trading Post in British Columbia a Century Ago.

"To sum up life in a fur trading post in British Columbia a century ago did not differ materially from that at a fur post anywhere in the widespread domain of the Hudson's Bay Company.

The Dixon-Meares Controversy- Containing, Remarks on the Voyages of John Meares, by George Dixon, An Answer to Mr. George Dixon, by John Meares, and Further Remarks on the Voyages of John Meares, by George Dixon

"The controversy sheds light on the early days of the Maritime fur trade. Meares was an important figure in the trade and his Voyages were widely read and are still to be found in libraries. Dixon has shown that Meares was incapable of telling a consistent story. The three pamphlets are, therefore, a necessary commentary on the Voyages.

Canada on the Pacific: 1866-1925

"Canada is now finding her place on the Pacific. Her aims are peaceable. Her armaments are negligible. She seeks to advance her cause not by war but through avenues of trade… In common with all other English-speaking nations on the 'Pacific Rim' she is forced to solve the vexed problem of Asiatic immigration. But she is attempting to provide a solution which will not injure the feelings of the Asiatics. The 'Gentlemen's Agreement' with Japan has worked well. Chinese exclusion since 1923 seems to have produced no very hard feelings. The British Indian question, though not satisfactorily settled, is dormant...

Life at a Fur Trading Post in British Columbia a Century Ago.

"To sum up life in a fur trading post in British Columbia a century ago did not differ materially from that at a fur post anywhere in the widespread domain of the Hudson's Bay Company.

The Spectral Energy Distribution of CO lines in M82

We present an analysis of the excitation conditions of the molecular gas in the streamers and the outflow of M82 based on observations obtained at the IRAM 30m telescope. Our analysis of J=1-0 and J=2-1 transitions of CO and 13CO and the CO(3-2) line in 13 regions outside the central starburst disk shows that the gas density within the streamer/outflow system is about an orderof magnitude lower (n(H2) ~ 10^3 cm^-3) than in the central molecular disk. We have used an LVG model and data from the literature to constrain the flux density in each CO transition (the `CO line SED') arising from the streamer/outflow system and the central starburst disk itself. Globally, we find that the CO flux density up to the J=3-2 line is dominated by the diffuse outer regions while lines above the J=5-4 transition are almost exclusively emitted by the central starburst disk. We compare the CO line SED of M82 to CO observations of galaxies at high redshift and suggest that small high-J/low-J CO flux density ratios (observed in some of these sources) are not necessarily caused by a different excitation of the central molecular gas concentration, but may result from an additional, more extended and diffuse gas reservoir around these systems, reminiscent of the situation in M82.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, accepted by A&

Bayesian causal network modeling suggests adolescent cannabis use accelerates prefrontal cortical thinning

International audienceAbstract While there is substantial evidence that cannabis use is associated with differences in human brain development, most of this evidence is correlational in nature. Bayesian causal network (BCN) modeling attempts to identify probable causal relationships in correlational data using conditional probabilities to estimate directional associations between a set of interrelated variables. In this study, we employed BCN modeling in 637 adolescents from the IMAGEN study who were cannabis naïve at age 14 to provide evidence that the accelerated prefrontal cortical thinning found previously in adolescent cannabis users by Albaugh et al. [1] is a result of cannabis use causally affecting neurodevelopment. BCNs incorporated data on cannabis use, prefrontal cortical thickness, and other factors related to both brain development and cannabis use, including demographics, psychopathology, childhood adversity, and other substance use. All BCN algorithms strongly suggested a directional relationship from adolescent cannabis use to accelerated cortical thinning. While BCN modeling alone does not prove a causal relationship, these results are consistent with a body of animal and human research suggesting that adolescent cannabis use adversely affects brain development

Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo