The immunopathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer: a narrative review

Helicobacter pylori infection is a well-established risk factor for the development of gastric cancer (GC). Understanding the immunopathogenesis underlying this association is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This narrative review comprehensively explores the immunopathogenesis of H. pylori-induced GC by delving into several key aspects, emphasizing the pivotal roles played by H. pylori virulence factors, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA), blood group antigen-binding adhesin (babA), and sialic acid binding adhesin (sabA). Moreover, the review focuses on the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines in the complex interplay between chronic infection and gastric carcinogenesis. Finally, the study examines the association between H. pylori evasion of the innate and adaptive immune response and development of GC. A comprehensive understanding of the immunopathogenesis of H. pylori-induced GC is essential for designing targeted interventions to prevent and manage this disease. Further research is warranted to elucidate the intricate immune responses involved and identify potential therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes

The Ameliorative Effects of Allopurinol on Paraquat-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats

Background: Pulmonary fibrosis is described as a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disease of the interstitial lungs. It is associated with a potentially fatal prognosis, and patients show insignificant response to treatment. To treat paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis, multiple approaches have been used. We aimed to determine the effects of allopurinol (Allo), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, on PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Methods: A total of 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into five groups (200±20 g). Group 1 (control) and group 2 (PQ group) were intraperitoneally administered PQ (20 mg/kg) once on day seven without any treatment, while groups 3–5 orally received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Allo seven days before and three weeks following the administration of PQ, respectively. The animals were sacrificed three weeks after PQ administration. For the histopathological analysis and assessment of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyproline (HP) contents, the animals’ blood and lungs were collected. Results: The PQ group showed significantly higher lung HP, serum MDA, and lung index in comparison with the control. Treatment with Allo, especially at 100 and 200 mg/kg, decreased HP, MDA, and lung index significantly, compared to the PQ group. Allo could prevent inflammatory cell infiltration, presence of fibroblasts, and PQ-related alveolar thickening. Conclusion: The results revealed that Allo has potential protective effects on PQ-related pulmonary fibrosis, and the role of xanthine oxidase in the exacerbation of PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis was confirmed

The Antioxidant And Anti-inflammatory Properties Of Chamomile And Its Constituents

Introduction: Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), as widely used as a medicinal herb and is brewed beverages, and has been used for the treatment of several conditions. The evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies suggests that chamomile and its many flavonoid components have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review aimed to provide an overview of the chemical constituents of chamomile and the effectiveness of the chamomile preparations and several of its constituents for the treatment of several medical conditions. Methods: The present comprehensive review study was conducted by searching electronic databases including Scopus, Web of Sciences, Embase, and PubMed, using relevant keywords. Results: Both animal and human studies indicate the positive effects of chamomile on the antioxidant enzyme activity. However, the mechanisms involved in the action of chamomile against the production of ROS remain still unknown. When it comes to its anti-inflammatory properties, a number of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations have been reported regarding to the selective inhibition of COX-2, suppression of NO production, prevention of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα-induced NO levels, reduction of iNOS mRNA and protein expression, impediment of leukocyte adhesion and adhesion protein up-regulation in human endothelial cells, and blockage of IL-1 α-induced prostaglandin production, TNF-α-induced IL-6 and IL-8 release. Conclusions: Current studies suggest that chamomile and its flavonoid components have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. On the basis of the existing evidences, chamomile appears to ameliorate several diseases caused by oxidative stress as well as inflammatory reactions

Does thyroid dysfunction happen in CML patients receiving Imatinib for treatment?

Chronic myelogenous leukemia is a myeloproliferative disorder presenting with anemia, elevated blood granulocytosis and the presence of immature granulocytes, basophilia, frequently thrombocytosis and spleen enlargement. The diagnosis is stabilized by hematopoietic stem cell expressing a fusion gene (BCR/ABL) resulted from translocation of 9 and 22 chromosomes. The products of this gene play a central role in developing chronic myelogenous leukemia including maintenance of chronicity and/or progress to accelerated phase and or blastic crisis. Imatinib is the first generated tyrosine kinase Inhibitor, which prevents ATP binding to a specific situation of tyrosine kinase molecules that are involved in phosphorylation of membranous proteins and activation of the pathways that are necessary for tumor cell survey and proliferation. Therefore, tyrosine kinase inhibitor inhibits signaling proteins, which are responsible for tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis and even metastasis. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitor are specific targeted-designed compounds, every agent interacts with many kinds of tyrosine kinases and produces many unwanted effects. One of the undesirable adverse effects is thyroid dysfunction. The first reported article about tyrosine kinase inhibitor-induced thyroid dysfunction published in 2005 and since then few studies have demonstrated thyroid disturbances ranging from subclinical thyroid dysfunctions to overt clinically thyroid disorders during tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. This review attends to summarize only imatinib-induced thyroid disturbances in CML patients with positive Philadelphia chromosome in recent years

Mechanism of action, resistance, interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of fostemsavir

Abstract The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has licensed many antiretroviral medications to treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), however, treatment options for people with multi-drug resistant HIV remain limited. Medication resistance, undesirable effects, prior tolerance, and previous interlacement incapacity to deliver new drug classes all lead to the requirement for new medication classes and drug combination therapy. Fostemsavir (FTR) is a new CD-4 attachment inhibitor medicine that was recently authorized by the United States FDA to treat HIV-1. In individuals with multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV-1, FTR is well tolerated and virologically active. According to recent investigations, drug combination therapy can positively affect MDR-HIV. The mechanism of action, resistance, interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of FTR has been highlighted in this review