Leveraging technology-driven strategies to untangle omics big data: circumventing roadblocks in clinical facets of oral cancer

Oral cancer is one of the 19most rapidly progressing cancers associated with significant mortality, owing to its extreme degree of invasiveness and aggressive inclination. The early occurrences of this cancer can be clinically deceiving leading to a poor overall survival rate. The primary concerns from a clinical perspective include delayed diagnosis, rapid disease progression, resistance to various chemotherapeutic regimens, and aggressive metastasis, which collectively pose a substantial threat to prognosis. Conventional clinical practices observed since antiquity no longer offer the best possible options to circumvent these roadblocks. The world of current cancer research has been revolutionized with the advent of state-of-the-art technology-driven strategies that offer a ray of hope in confronting said challenges by highlighting the crucial underlying molecular mechanisms and drivers. In recent years, bioinformatics and Machine Learning (ML) techniques have enhanced the possibility of early detection, evaluation of prognosis, and individualization of therapy. This review elaborates on the application of the aforesaid techniques in unraveling potential hints from omics big data to address the complexities existing in various clinical facets of oral cancer. The first section demonstrates the utilization of omics data and ML to disentangle the impediments related to diagnosis. This includes the application of technology-based strategies to optimize early detection, classification, and staging via uncovering biomarkers and molecular signatures. Furthermore, breakthrough concepts such as salivaomics-driven non-invasive biomarker discovery and omics-complemented surgical interventions are articulated in detail. In the following part, the identification of novel disease-specific targets alongside potential therapeutic agents to confront oral cancer via omics-based methodologies is presented. Additionally, a special emphasis is placed on drug resistance, precision medicine, and drug repurposing. In the final section, we discuss the research approaches oriented toward unveiling the prognostic biomarkers and constructing prediction models to capture the metastatic potential of the tumors. Overall, we intend to provide a bird’s eye view of the various omics, bioinformatics, and ML approaches currently being used in oral cancer research through relevant case studies

Aspirin resistance : prevalence and mechanism

Aspirin is the most commonly used antiplatelet drug in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Many patients experience thromboembolic events despite daily aspirin therapy. On the basis of clinical and laboratory findings, an issue of concern has emerged, frequently referred to as “aspirin resistance”. The aim of this thesis was to establish the prevalence of laboratory aspirin resistance in patient populations and to elucidate the reasons for aspirin failure. The thesis comprises two independent studies in which I assessed a range of clinical and laboratory measures in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and patients with acute ischaemic stroke. The effect of in-hospital aspirin administration on platelet response was determined in acute stroke patients. Laboratory tests for platelet and aspirin response were compared with the current gold standard assay of optical platelet aggregometry with arachidonic acid. A cut-off value for definition of incomplete response to aspirin was determined. The current literature is reviewed and discussed. Incomplete aspirin response was found in 18% of aspirin-treated patients with PAD. There were no significant differences in any of the measured markers nor in clinical parameters between responders and incomplete responders. The prevalence of incomplete aspirin response in acute ischaemic stroke or TIA was 43%. However, after observed aspirin administration in hospital, this percentage decreased to 29%, suggesting incomplete compliance in some patients. On admission, platelets from patients with incomplete response were significantly more sensitive to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) when compared with those from responders. There were no other differences that characterised the incomplete responders to aspirin. The data support the growing body of opinion that true biochemical resistance to aspirin is uncommon. Incomplete adherence to therapy was found to be a major cause of incomplete response to aspirin and therefore amenable to intervention. The problem remains of which laboratory methods should be employed as no single test has emerged as clinically informative.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Efficiency of diet change in irritable bowel syndrome

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by symptoms of abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habit such as constipation, diarrhea, or both. Food is one of the most commonly reported triggers of IBS symptoms. we aim to assess the effect of diet change in improving IBS. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was developed for data collection in the present study. The survey was distributed online in Arabic language. Results: A total of 1202 subjects participated in our study. Of these, 685 (57%) were female patients and 517 (43%) were male patients. The age of patients ranged from 15 to 55 years, more than one-third of them located in the age range between 15 and 25. The statistical analysis reported a significant correlations between having IBS for three successive days for 3 months regarding age and duration of IBS (P value <0.001), having depression or anxiety before, and if the depression affects IBS symptoms or not (P value = 0.013 and <0.001, respectively). Having dietary regimen, advising to increase fibers, thinking about changing diet improves IBS symptoms (P value = 0.001, 0.005, and < 0.001, respectively) and having treatment (P value = 0.006). Conclusion: According to our results, the prevalence of IBS was higher among females. Some diets, especially onions, garlic, and coffee, were reported to increase the IBS symptoms. Decreasing carbohydrate diets and increasing fiber diet would enhance the patient health where the symptoms where decreased

The Saudi urological association guidelines on urolithiasis

Aims: The Saudi Urolithiasis Guidelines are a set of recommendations for diagnosing, evaluating, and treating urolithiasis in the Saudi population. These guidelines are based on the latest evidence and expert consensus to improve patient outcomes and optimize care delivery. They cover the various aspects of urolithiasis, including risk factors, diagnosis, medical and surgical treatments, and prevention strategies. By following these guidelines, health-care professionals can improve care quality for individuals with urolithiasis in Saudi Arabia. Panel: The Saudi Urolithiasis Guidelines Panel consists of urologists specialized in endourology with expertise in urolithiasis and consultation with a guideline methodologist. All panelists involved in this document have submitted statements disclosing any potential conflicts of interest. Methods: The Saudi Guidelines on Urolithiasis were developed by relying primarily on established international guidelines to adopt or adapt the most appropriate guidance for the Saudi context. When necessary, the panel modified the phrasing of recommendations from different sources to ensure consistency within the document. To address areas less well covered in existing guidelines, the panel conducted a directed literature search for high quality evidence published in English, including meta analyses, randomized controlled trials, and prospective nonrandomized comparative studies. The panel also searched for locally relevant studies containing information unique to the Saudi Arabian population. The recommendations are formulated with a direction and strength of recommendation based on GRADE terminology and interpretation while relying on existing summaries of evidence from the existing guidelines