Physical Education in Primary Schools: Cognitive Stimulation, National Active Games and Cultural Background

This study describes the features of active game-based learning in primary schools. The survey involved 38 national sports coaches and 29 school teachers. Based on previous empirical findings, this study probes whether there is an established opinion about national games in the school curriculum among teachers and experts. Primary school students are offered many techniques to form necessary skills during the execution of physical exercises. The findings demonstrate that different games and competitions are able to expand the social circle of children. In the long run, the relationships between individual tribes and tribal unions became consistent and global. Games and competitions favoured this tendency, contributing to a gradual formation of behavioural norms in people of different generations. &nbsp

Horizon-T Experiment Status

Horizon-T is an innovative detector system constructed to study Extensive Air Showers (EAS) in the energy range above 1016 eV coming from a wide range of zenith angles (0o - 85o). The system is located at the Tien Shan High-altitude Science Station of the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at 3340 meters above sea level. It consists of eight charged particle detection points separated by distances up to one kilometer as well as an optical detector subsystem to measure the Vavilov-Cherenkov light from the EAS. The time resolution of charged particles and Vavilov-Cherenkov light photons passage of the detector system is a few ns. This level of resolution allows conducting a research of the atmospheric development of individual EAS. This report focuses on a general description of the detector system and the individual sub-systems providing an overview of the operations and latest results

Extensive Air Showers with Unusual Structure

The total of 23500 Extensive Air Showers (EAS) with the energy above 1016 eV have been detected during the 3500 hours of Horizon-T (HT) detectors system operations before Aug 2016. Among these EAS, more than a thousand had an unusual spatial and temporary structure that showed the pulses with several maxima (modals or modes) from several detection points of the HT at the same time. These modes are separated in time from each other starting from tens to thousands of ns. These EAS have been called multi-modal. Analysis shows that the multi-modal EAS that have been detected by Horizon-T have the following properties: 1. Multi-modal EAS have energy above 1017 eV. 2. Pulses with several modes are located at large distances from EAS axis. The overview of the collected data will be provided. General comments about the unusualities of the structure of the multi-modal EAS will be presented

Extensive Air Showers with Unusual Structure

The total of 23500 Extensive Air Showers (EAS) with the energy above 1016 eV have been detected during the 3500 hours of Horizon-T (HT) detectors system operations before Aug 2016. Among these EAS, more than a thousand had an unusual spatial and temporary structure that showed the pulses with several maxima (modals or modes) from several detection points of the HT at the same time. These modes are separated in time from each other starting from tens to thousands of ns. These EAS have been called multi-modal. Analysis shows that the multi-modal EAS that have been detected by Horizon-T have the following properties: 1. Multi-modal EAS have energy above 1017 eV. 2. Pulses with several modes are located at large distances from EAS axis. The overview of the collected data will be provided. General comments about the unusualities of the structure of the multi-modal EAS will be presented

The Complex of Experimental Facilities for the Cosmic Ray Investigation at the Tien Shan Mountain Station

The study describes the experimental complex of the station located in the Tien Shan mountains at an elevation of 3340 m above sea level. The complex consists of detectors of different types scattered across the station area, such as scintillation particles detectors, Cherenkov detectors, radio emission detectors for the measurement of the electron component of extensive air showers (EAS) created by the (1–1000) PeV cosmic ray particles, an ionization calorimeter and neutron detectors for the study of the nuclear-active component of EAS cores, and the underground particle detectors for the detection of cosmic ray muons. The data acquisition system allows the simultaneous recording of parameters from various stand-alone detectors registering an EAS, and storage of the acquired data in the database. As an illustration of research capability, the results of the EAS study are presented here which were obtained during the last few years at the different experimental set-ups constituting the Tien Shan complex

Dimensionality-Transformed Remote Sensing Data Application to Map Soil Salinization at Lowlands of the Syr Darya River

The problem of saving soil resources and their reclamation measures under current climate change conditions attracts the world community’s close attention. It is relevant in the Syr Darya River’s lowlands, where the secondary soil salinization processes have intensified. The demand for robust methods to assess soil salinity is high, and the primary purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative analysis method for soil salinity estimation. We found a correspondence between the sum of salts in a topsoil layer to the Landsat 8 data in the Tasseled cap transformation of the image values. After testing several methods, we built a prediction model. The K-nearest neighborhood (KNN) model with a coefficient of determination equal to 0.96 using selected predictors proved to be the most appropriate for soil salinity assessment. We also performed a quantitative assessment of soil salinity. A significant increase in a salt-affected area and the mean soil sum expressing an intensification of secondary soil salinization from 2018 to 2021 was found. The increasing temperature values, decreasing soil moisture, and agricultural use affect the extension of salt-affected ground areas in the study area. Thus, the soil moisture trend in the Qazaly irrigation zone is negative and declining, with the highest peaks in early spring. The maximum temperature has a mean value of 15.6 °C (minimum = −15.1 °C, maximum = 37.4 °C) with an increasing trend. These parameters are evidence of climate change that also affects soil salinization. PCA transformation of the Landsat-8 satellite images helped to remove redundant spectral information from multiband datasets and map soil salinity more precisely. This approach simultaneously extends mapping opportunities involving visible and invisible bands and results in a smaller dataset

Extensive Air Showers with unusual structure

A total of 23500 Extensive Air Showers (EAS) with energies above ∼ 1016 eV have been detected during the ∼3500 hours of the Horizon-T (HT) detectors system operations before Aug. 2016. Among these EAS, more than a thousand had an unusual spatial and temporary structure that showed pulses with several maxima (modals or modes) from several detection points of the HT at the same time. These modes are separated in time from each other starting from tens to thousands of ns. These EAS have been called multi-modal. Analysis shows that the multi-modal EAS that have been detected by Horizon-T have the following properties: 1. Multi-modal EAS have energy above ∼1017 eV. 2. Pulses with several modes are located at large distances from the EAS axis. An overview of the collected data will be provided. General comments about the unusual structure of the multi-modal EAS will be presented

Extensive Air Showers with unusual structure

A total of 23500 Extensive Air Showers (EAS) with energies above ∼ 1016 eV have been detected during the ∼3500 hours of the Horizon-T (HT) detectors system operations before Aug. 2016. Among these EAS, more than a thousand had an unusual spatial and temporary structure that showed pulses with several maxima (modals or modes) from several detection points of the HT at the same time. These modes are separated in time from each other starting from tens to thousands of ns. These EAS have been called multi-modal. Analysis shows that the multi-modal EAS that have been detected by Horizon-T have the following properties: 1. Multi-modal EAS have energy above ∼1017 eV. 2. Pulses with several modes are located at large distances from the EAS axis. An overview of the collected data will be provided. General comments about the unusual structure of the multi-modal EAS will be presented