THE DEVELOPMENT OF HARVEST STRATEGIES FOR TROPICAL TUNA IN INDONESIA’S ARCHIPELAGIC WATERS

Significant roles of the fishery in the Indonesia’s archipelagic waters/IAW (FMAs 713, 714 and 715), with proportion of around 60% came from the IAW, and a strong residential behavior for skipjack (SKJ) and yellowfin tuna (YFT) encourage Indonesia to develop harvest strategies for the tropical tuna in the IAW. This is a priority action of the National Tuna Management Plan (NTMP) for tropical and neritic tuna. Fisheries operating in the IAW are mainly small scale commercial vessels. A specific harvest strategy framework that appropriate with the fishery characteristics has been developed. This paper describes the process of harvest strategy (HS) development for the tropical tuna in the Indonesia’s archipelagic waters (FMAs 713, 714 and 715). The HS is developed scientific works (including data collection, analysis/modelling and series technical and consultative stakeholder workshops as well as expert consultancies. Four technical workshops and seven stakeholder workshops have been done between 2015 and 2017. An interim HS (consisted of management objective, limit reference point, monitoring, analysis, harvest control rule and management measure) has been determined and agreed. Continues collaboration and commitment from related stakeholders including Government, fishers, fishing association, NGOs by adopting co-mangement and participatory approach in implementing the agreed harvest strategy, through data collection and sustain supports.The time series of catch and effort data, and size data could be used to monitor the fishery, stok status and its performance.In addition, involvement of relevant international tuna experts through expert consultancies are integrated process with the technical and stakeholder workshops. This HS development process is still on-going and can be refined, as HS development is a cycle process

POSSIBLE USE OF LENGTH-BASED SPAWNING POTENTIAL RATIO FOR SKIPJACK (Katsuwonus pelamis) IN INDONESIA’S ARCHIPELAGIC WATERS

A harvest strategy development for skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis - SKJ) fishery within Indonesia’s archipelagic waters (Indonesian Fisheries Management Areas - FMAs 713-715) has been initiated, which is mandated within its National Tuna, Skipjack and Neritic Tuna Management Plan. Information on the stock status or indicator is needed, since it is one essential component of a harvest strategy. In fact, the lack of catch and effort data from Indonesian fishery, in general, is still an international concern. A method to assess the stock status for data poor fisheries namely Length-based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB-SPR) was developed. This study attempted to investigate a possible use of the LB-SPR to estimate spawning potential ratios of SKJ using length data from Indonesian pole and line fishery collected by the port-based sampling program (a collaborative project between Indonesia and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). There is a decreasing trend in the estimated SPR from 2010 to 2015 unless 2014, indicating that impact of fishing on the resources increased over the study period. If the SPR20% is adopted as limit SPR, then the estimated values of SPR less than SPR20% suggested that recruitment overfishing might be occurring. In fact, the results should be considered as preliminary results, as the size data of SKJ from pole and line might not be capturing large SKJ or the nature of SKJ in Archipealgic waters has smaller size in general compare to other region that potentially hampered the asymptotic selectivity assumption within the LB-SPR model underestimating the SPR. Further work is required to gather complete representative of length data of SKJ covering all length classes of the fishery

FISHING STRATEGY OF THE INDONESIAN TUNA LONGLINERS IN INDIAN OCEAN

Information on fishing strategy is essential to manage the Indonesian tuna fishery. Therefore, it is important to attempt to characterise the fishing strategies of the fishery

PENGARUH BRAND IMAGE TERHADAP PURCHASE DECISION (Survei pada Konsumen Brand Zara di fanbase Zara)

Lilis Siti Sadiyah (1403450), "The Effect of Brand Image on Purchase Decisions (Survey on Zara Brand Consumers at Zara Fanbase)" under the guidance Dr. Bambang Widjajanta, M.M and Dr. Puspo Dewi Dirgantara, S.Pd.,M.T.,M.M.. The interest of millennials in the fashion world has been very developed.. Fashion retail companies are increasingly diverse from domestic brands and abroad. Every companies is vying to find the right strategy so their brands continue to be in demand by consumers from time to time. Zara is a Spanish fashion retailer that is in demand by consumers in the world and Indonesia, this is the reasons for the idea of this research.. This research conducted to identify (1) a picture of the brand image in consumers,, (2) overview of purchasing decisions to consumers, (3) discovering the influence of brand image on purchase decisions on consumers. The method used is convenience sampling technique, by distributing questionnaires to 110 respondents. The data analysis method uses a simple linear regression test, as well as using the likert scale as a measurement scale. The results of this research shows that brand image on Zara brand which consist strengthness, uniqueness, and favorable is in the high category. Purchase decision on Zara brand which consist of product choice, brand choice, dealer choice, purchase amount, purchase timing, and purchase method are in the high category. Brand image has a positive influence on purchase decisions. Based on the results of this study, Zara should further improve the quality of service and convenience to consumers so that the Zara brand is increasingly known

SHARK LONGLINE FISHERY IN TANJUNGLUAR-EAST LOMBOK

Studies on artisanal shark fisheries in Tanjungluar - East Lombok were conducted during the year 2001-2011 (except in 2003 and 2007). A sampling method called “rapid market survey” method was employed to collect catch data from surface and bottom longlines fishing, rapidly. Biological data and fisheries data were collected during survey. Catch data for shark were also obtained from daily records filled by TPI officers in Tanjungluar between 2009 and 2010. The results showed that sharklongline fishing was conducted every month. The trend of shark catches relates to the number of fishing vessels, fishing ground, and weather conditions at sea. The period between July and September is a transitional season from East to West seasons. During this season, the wind strength is weakened and a good fishing season for the fishers. The lowest catch occurs in January (1.06 tonnes) and the highest catch in September with the total catch of 24.6 tonnes. Sharks caught by surface longline were dominated by Silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis (40-90%) with the size range of 100-125 cm. The catch of bottom longline was mostly consisting of fish in mature condition that dominated by Grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), Common black tip shark (C. limbatus), Spot tail shark (C. sorrah), and Scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), with the size range of 125-200 cm, 170- 250 cm, 100-150 cm, and 170-300 cm, respectively. Surface longline fishing occurs in the offshore waters in depth more than 200 m to 3000 m, whereas bottom longline fishing is operated at a depth of 50-100 m around islands

THE EFFECT OF DEPTH OF HOOKS, SET AND SOAK TIME TO THE CATCH PER UNIT OF EFFORT OF TUNA IN THE EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN

Yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (T. obesus) tuna have been intensively exploited by longline fleets since 1980’s, however, a large proportion of zero catch per set of target species still accurred. Zero catch data contributed significantly to the low catch per unit of effort (CPUE) compared to other countries at the same fishing area. Therefore, understanding the factors contributed to the CPUE of tuna is essential, in order to improve longline fishing efficiency. A total of 2.115 set-by-set data were obtained from Indonesian Scientific Observer Program. The onboard observations were carried out at commercial tuna longline operated in Eastern Indian Ocean from August 2005 to December 2014. Several analytical approaches were conducted in this paper. First, General Linear Model (GLM) was applied in order to model the relationship between CPUE with all the variables involved. Second, boxplot diagram, polynomial and linear regression were applied to fit the relationship between CPUE with set time, soak time and depth (represented by hook position) respectively. The result showed that, there was no significant relationship between set time and CPUE of bigeye and yellowfin tuna. Soak time was positively related with CPUE of yellowfin and affect adversely on bigeye. Depth also have significant relationship with CPUE of tuna, where catch of yellowfin decreased linearly with hook depth, whereas catch of bigeye was performed the opposite. Improvement in tuna longline fishery in eastern Indian Ocean can be achieved through implementation of the specific soak time and hook depth for each target species, i.e. yellowfin and bigeye tuna

CATCH AND EFFORT INFORMATION FOR ALBACORE TUNA (THUNNUS ALALUNGA) BY INDONESIA’S LONGLINERS OPERATING FROM BENOA

Albacore (Thunnus alalunga - ALB) catch was the second highest tuna landed at Benoa Fishing Port and they are mostly landed as frozen bycatch. This paper attempts to provide information on ALB catch and effort trends by Benoa based longline vessels collected by the Benoa Port-based Catch Monitoring and Scientific Observer Programs. The ALB catch landed at the Benoa Fishing Port in 2010 was estimated by the Research Institute for Tuna Fisheries (RITF) to be about 983.14 tons, whereas based on the Indonesian Tuna Long Line Association (ATLI), ALB catch landed at Benoa Fishing Port in 2010 amounted of 2,715.42 tons. This discrepancy was due to sampling for frozen catch (including ALB) could not be conducted in some companies and also there was one company that sell their catch direct to the collector. The observed longline sets were concentrated within the area between 10° - 20°S and 105° - 120°E. Since 2008, the observed setting positions have never extended to south of 20°S. The higher catch rates of ALB were in area south of 15°S

CHANGES IN FISHING PATTERN FROM SURFACE TO DEEP LONGLINE FISHING BY THE INDONESIAN VESSELS OPERATING IN THE INDIAN OCEAN

(P.T. Perikanan Samodra Besar) data are a valuable source, since they are the longest time series of catch and effort data available from the fishery. This paper aimed to interpret the spatial and temporal catch and effort trends to the extent possible and to reconcile apparent changes in targeting practices against the actual catch. Catch and effort data collected by P.T. Perikanan Samodra Besar from its Benoa-based longliners during 1978-1995 were summed to obtain annual catch, effort, and catch per unit of effort trends. To generate spatial distributions of catch and effort, catch and effort data were aggregated by 5-degree squares. The data showed that P.T. Perikanan Samodra Besar vessels commenced deep longlining in 1983, i.e. 56% of the total sets in 1983 using 10 or more hooks between floats. Prior to that, P.T. Perikanan Samodra Besar vessels used 6 hooks between floats,which resulted in a larger amount of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) as well as overall tuna catch. However, bigeye tuna (Thunnus obsesus) catch per unit of effort only increased from 1992. The increase in big eye tuna catch per unit of effort coincided with a reduced fishing range and concentration within an area where P.T. Perikanan Samodra Besar had not previously experienced high big eye tuna catches, as opposed to focusing their effort on areas where they had historically caught big eye tuna. In the absence of supplementary information, and assuming that the switch to deep longlining in 1983 was done to target big eye tuna, the analysis suggests that the outcome of P.T. Perikanan Samodra Besar fishing activities between 1983 and 1991 were inconsistent with their objectives

STATUS OF SMALL PELAGIC FISHERY IN THE MAKASSAR STRAIT BASED AT THE NORTHERN PART OF JAVA

The coastal of Makassar Strait is one of main fishing grounds for purse seine vessels from northern part of Java which based at the following landing sites, i.e. Pekalongan, Tegal and Juwana. The purse seine fishery predominantly targets small pelagic fish. This paper attempts to present the current condition of small pelagic fishery in the Makassar Strait. Catch and effort (trip) data between 2004 and 2011 from the three landing sites were used to estimate Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) using Schaefer & Fox models. The results showed a decreasing trend in the catch rate, from 30.83 tons/trip in 2004 to 12.27 tons/trip in 2011. The estimated MSY is at the range of 34,705- 37,930 tons with optimum efforts for 2,234-2,500 purse seine trips. Thus the level of purse seine fishing effort in 2011, i.e. 3,078 trips, was exceeding the optimum effort. The decreasing trend in the catch rate may indicate overfishing is occurring between 2004 and 2011. For management of the small pelagic fisheries in the waters of Makassar Strait, important action recommended is fishing effort restrictions. The effort allowed would be only in the range of 2,234-2,500 purse seine trips, and the fishing capacity needs to be controled

DEVELOPING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UNDERTAKING CPUE STANDARDISATION USING OBSERVER PROGRAM DATA

Abundance indices based on nominal CPUE do not take into account confounding factors such as fishing strategy and environmental conditions, that can decouple any underlying abundance signal in the catch rate. As such, the assumption that CPUE is proportional to abundance is frequently violated. CPUE standardisation is one of the common analyses applied. The aims of this paper were to provide a statistical modelling framework for conducting CPUE standardisations using the Observer Program data for bigeye tuna, yellowfin tuna, albacore and southern bluefin tuna, and provide a comparison in the trends between the nominal CPUEs and their standardised indices obtained. The CPUE standardisations were conducted on the Observer Program collected between 2005 and 2007, by applying GLM analysis using the Tweedie distribution. The results suggested that year, area, HBF and bait factors significantly influenced the nominal CPUEs for the four tuna species of interest. Some extreme peaks and troughs in the nominal time series were smoothed in the standardised CPUE timeseries. The high degree of temporal variability that is still shown in the standardised CPUE trends suggests that the data are too sparse to give any meaningful indication of proxy abundance. Nevertheless, this may also suggest that variables used in the GLMs do not sufficiently account for allof the confounding factors, or abundance may indeed be truly variable