10,210 research outputs found
Lightcone reference for total gravitational energy
We give an explicit expression for gravitational energy, written solely in
terms of physical spacetime geometry, which in suitable limits agrees with the
total Arnowitt-Deser-Misner and Trautman-Bondi-Sachs energies for
asymptotically flat spacetimes and with the Abbot-Deser energy for
asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetimes. Our expression is a boundary value of
the standard gravitational Hamiltonian. Moreover, although it stands alone as
such, we derive the expression by picking the zero-point of energy via a
``lightcone reference.''Comment: latex, 7 pages, no figures. Uses an amstex symbo
Translation initiation factor eIF4G mediates in vitro poly(A) tail-dependent translation
The Problem of Inertia in Friedmann Universes
In this paper we study the origin of inertia in a curved spacetime,
particularly the spatially flat, open and closed Friedmann universes. This is
done using Sciama's law of inertial induction, which is based on Mach's
principle, and expresses the analogy between the retarded far fields of
electrodynamics and those of gravitation. After obtaining covariant expressions
for electromagnetic fields due to an accelerating point charge in Friedmann
models, we adopt Sciama's law to obtain the inertial force on an accelerating
mass by integrating over the contributions from all the matter in the
universe. The resulting inertial force has the form , where
depends on the choice of the cosmological parameters such as ,
, and and is also red-shift dependent.Comment: 10 page
(2,2)-Formalism of General Relativity: An Exact Solution
I discuss the (2,2)-formalism of general relativity based on the
(2,2)-fibration of a generic 4-dimensional spacetime of the Lorentzian
signature. In this formalism general relativity is describable as a Yang-Mills
gauge theory defined on the (1+1)-dimensional base manifold, whose local gauge
symmetry is the group of the diffeomorphisms of the 2-dimensional fibre
manifold. After presenting the Einstein's field equations in this formalism, I
solve them for spherically symmetric case to obtain the Schwarzschild solution.
Then I discuss possible applications of this formalism.Comment: 2 figures included, IOP style file neede
A Causal Source which Mimics Inflation
How unique are the inflationary predictions for the cosmic microwave
anisotropy pattern? In this paper, it is asked whether an arbitrary causal
source for perturbations in the standard hot big bang could effectively mimic
the predictions of the simplest inflationary models. A surprisingly simple
example of a `scaling' causal source is found to closely reproduce the
inflationary predictions. This letter extends the work of a previous paper
(ref. 6) to a full computation of the anisotropy pattern, including the Sachs
Wolfe integral. I speculate on the possible physics behind such a source.Comment: 4 pages, RevTex, 3 figure
On the resistivity at low temperatures in electron-doped cuprate superconductors
We measured the magnetoresistance as a function of temperature down to 20mK
and magnetic field for a set of underdoped PrCeCuO (x=0.12) thin films with
controlled oxygen content. This allows us to access the edge of the
superconducting dome on the underdoped side. The sheet resistance increases
with increasing oxygen content whereas the superconducting transition
temperature is steadily decreasing down to zero. Upon applying various magnetic
fields to suppress superconductivity we found that the sheet resistance
increases when the temperature is lowered. It saturates at very low
temperatures. These results, along with the magnetoresistance, cannot be
described in the context of zero temperature two dimensional
superconductor-to-insulator transition nor as a simple Kondo effect due to
scattering off spins in the copper-oxide planes. We conjecture that due to the
proximity to an antiferromagnetic phase magnetic droplets are induced. This
results in negative magnetoresistance and in an upturn in the resistivity.Comment: Accepted in Phys. Rev.
Clustered spatially and temporally resolved global heat and cooling energy demand in the residential sector
Climatic conditions, population density, geography, and settlement structure all have a strong influence on the heating and cooling demand of a country, and thus on resulting energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. In particular, the choice of heating or cooling system is influenced by available energy distribution infrastructure, where the cost of such infrastructure is strongly related to the spatial density of the demand. As such, a better estimation of the spatial and temporal distribution of demand is desirable to enhance the accuracy of technology assessment. This paper presents a Geographical Information System methodology combining the hourly NASA MERRA-2 global temperature dataset with spatially resolved population data and national energy balances to determine global high-resolution heat and cooling energy density maps. A set of energy density bands is then produced for each country using K-means clustering. Finally, demand profiles representing diurnal and seasonal variations in each band are derived to capture the temporal variability. The resulting dataset for 165 countries, published alongside this article, is designed to be integrated into a new integrated assessment model called MUSE (ModUlar energy systems Simulation Environment)but can be used in any national heat or cooling technology analysis. These demand profiles are key inputs for energy planning as they describe demand density and its fluctuations via a consistent method for every country where data is available
Elastic cavitation, tube hollowing, and differential growth in plants and biological tissues
Elastic cavitation is a well-known physical process by which elastic materials under stress can open cavities. Usually, cavitation is induced by applied loads on the elastic body. However, growing materials may generate stresses in the absence of applied loads and could induce cavity opening. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of spontaneous growth-induced cavitation in elastic materials and consider the implications of this phenomenon to biological tissues and in particular to the problem of schizogenous aerenchyma formation
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