Maxwell equations in distributional sense and applications

This paper discusses the Maxwell system of electrodynamics in the context of distributions. It is used to establish boundary conditions for fields at the interface when the charge and current densities are concentrated measures on the interface. The paper derives the generalized Snell's law from this analysis.Comment: 15 page

Decrease in Shiga toxin expression using a minimal inhibitory concentration of rifampicin followed by bactericidal gentamicin treatment enhances survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7-infected BALB/c mice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Treatment of <it>Escherichia coli </it>O157:H7 infections with antimicrobial agents is controversial due to an association with potentially fatal sequelae. The production of Shiga toxins is believed to be central to the pathogenesis of this organism. Therefore, decreasing the expression of these toxins prior to bacterial eradication may provide a safer course of therapy.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The utility of decreasing Shiga toxin gene expression in <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 with rifampicin prior to bacterial eradication with gentamicin was evaluated <it>in vitro </it>using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Toxin release from treated bacterial cells was assayed for with reverse passive latex agglutination. The effect of this treatment on the survival of <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7-infected BALB/c mice was also monitored.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Transcription of Shiga toxin-encoding genes was considerably decreased as an effect of treating <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 <it>in vitro </it>with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of rifampicin followed by the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of gentamicin (> 99% decrease) compared to treatment with gentamicin alone (50-75% decrease). The release of Shiga toxins from <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 incubated with the MIC of rifampicin followed by addition of the MBC of gentamicin was decreased as well. On the other hand, the highest survival rate in BALB/c mice infected with <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 was observed in those treated with the <it>in vivo </it>MIC equivalent dose of rifampicin followed by the <it>in vivo </it>MBC equivalent dose of gentamicin compared to mice treated with gentamicin or rifampicin alone.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The use of non-lethal expression-inhibitory doses of antimicrobial agents prior to bactericidal ones in treating <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 infection is effective and may be potentially useful in human infections with this agent in addition to other Shiga toxin producing <it>E. coli </it>strains.</p