5 research outputs found

    The UALE project : a cross-sectional approach for trends in HIV/STI prevalence among key populations attending STI clinics in Guatemala

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    To describe and compare trends in prevalence, sexual behaviour and HIV transmission knowledge data related to sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV in patients attending three STI clinics over an 8-year period in Escuintla Department, Guatemala. STI clinic attendees were classified into transmission groups as follows: female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSM) and 'high-risk heterosexuals' (HRH). Annual cross-sectional analysis and multivariable Poisson regression adjusted for sociodemographic variables were used for prevalence comparisons and adjusted prevalence trends for HIV/STI outcomes and used for adjusted trends in proportions in sexual behaviour and HIV transmission knowledge outcomes. Endocervical swabs were obtained to detect trichomonas, chlamydia and neisseria infections. Serologies for syphilis and HIV were performed using rapid tests. For reactive HIV samples, positivity was confirmed by an ELISA. All reactive syphilis samples were further confirmed for diagnosis of active syphilis disease. From a total of 4027 clinic attendees, 3213 (79.78%) were FSW, 229 (5.69%) were MSM and 585 (14.53%) were HRH. The proportion of FSW, MSM and HRH who had a single visit was 56.42%, 57.23% and 91.10%, respectively. Overall, HIV prevalence was 2.10% in FSW, 8.17% in MSM and 4.12% in HRH. Prevalence trends in HIV and syphilis decreased in FSW. Prevalence trends in gonorrhoea did not decrease over time neither in FSW nor in HRH. Chlamydia and trichomonas infections in HRH showed an increase prevalence trend. In FSW, trends in condom use in last sexual intercourse with regular and occasional clients were above 93%. FSW show a decreasing trend in HIV, syphilis and chlamydia prevalence. Gonorrhoea prevalence in FSW and HRH did not decrease over time. HRH is a hard to engage population with low follow-up rates and high potential to act as a bridge population

    Intervencions de prevenci贸 i control del VIH i altres infeccions de transmissi贸 sexual adre莽ades a poblacions vulnerables en pa茂sos de renda baixa

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    La present tesi doctoral reuneix sis articles sobre intervencions de prevenci贸 i control de VIH i altres infeccions de transmissi贸 sexual (ITS) dirigides principalment a persones de col路lectius vulnerables de Guatemala i del Brasil. En primer lloc, inclou l鈥檃valuaci贸 d鈥檜na intervenci贸 multinivell de prevenci贸 i control d鈥檃quetes infeccions dirigida a dones treballadores del sexe (DTS) del departament d鈥橢scuintla, Guatemala. La intervenci贸, oferia cribratge regular d鈥橧TS en tres cl铆niques d鈥橧TS integrades en centres de salut p煤blics, xerrades d鈥檈ducaci贸 per la prevenci贸 del VIH a la comunitat i activitats de sensibilitzaci贸 envers altres actors (policia, gerents de locals de sexe comercial) que afegeixen vulnerabilitat al col路lectiu de DTS. Despr茅s de tres anys i mig d鈥檕peraci贸, els resultats mostren com la combinaci贸 d鈥檜n component biom猫dic, conductual i contextual redueix la incid猫ncia del VIH/ITS i millora l鈥櫭簊 del preservatiu amb els clients entre les dones ateses de forma regular a les cl铆niques d鈥橧TS. En el mateix departament, es va implementar un servei de cribratge voluntari de VIH i s铆filis mitjan莽ant test r脿pids, ofert tant en cl铆niques d鈥橧TS com a trav茅s d鈥檜nitats m貌bils comunit脿ries que es despla莽aven a punts de trobada de DTS i homes que tenen sexe amb homes (HSH). Els resultats mostren com els usuaris del servei de cribratge localitzat a les cl铆niques d鈥橧TS presentaren una major prevalen莽a de VIH i s铆filis respecte a aquells que es varen realitzar el test a les unitats m貌bils, suggerint que el servei de cl铆niques va ser efectiu per detectar subjectes a risc d鈥檌nfecci贸 pel VIH. Es va estudiar les conductes de risc i prevalen莽a de VIH/ITS entre 553 clientes de DTS del departament d鈥橢scuintla, i el seu rol com a pont de transmissi贸 d鈥檃questes infeccions entre el grup core de DTS i les dones de la poblaci贸 general. Els clients presentaren una prevalen莽a de VIH/ITS superior a les dels homes de la poblaci贸 general, m煤ltiples parelles sexual, esc脿s 煤s del preservatiu amb les seves parelles estables, i 煤s sub貌ptim del preservatiu amb les DTS. Una proporci贸 substancial juga un rol rellevant en la transmissi贸 del VIH/ITS a Escuintla, actuant de pont de transmissi贸 entre les DTS i les dones de baix risc, fet que fa necessari incloure鈥檒s com a beneficiaris de les intervencions dirigies a DTS, per actuar en ambdues poblacions de forma global. Els tres darrers estudis fan refer猫ncia a avaluacions de test r脿pids point-of-care, una eina innovadora pel diagn貌stic d鈥橧TS que, de forma rellevant, permet oferir els resultats durant la mateixa visita del pacient, evitant p猫rdues de seguiment. Es va validar un test r脿pid de Chlamydia Trachomatis en mostres endocervicals de DTS d鈥橢scuintla i un test r脿pid de s铆filis en mostres de sang capil路lar obtinguda per punxada digital entre embarassades de l鈥橝lto Solim玫es, Amazones, Brasil. La validaci贸 d鈥檃quest darrer test va incloure un component operacional per determinar la seva acceptabilitat i viabilitat, el qual es va realitzar en una cl铆nica d鈥橧TS del port de Manaus, Brasil. Encara que els dos test van mostrar una sensibilitat moderada en condicions de pr脿ctica cl铆nica di脿ria, la seva precisi贸 pot quedar compensada per l鈥檃vantatge d鈥檌niciar immediatament el tractament, justificant el seu 煤s en contextos de dif铆cil acc茅s o amb elevades p猫rdues de seguiment. El test r脿pid de s铆filis va ser acceptat i viable i podria millorar operacionalment programes de cribratge de s铆filis dirigits a poblaci贸 de dif铆cil acc茅s.This thesis brings together six articles on interventions to prevent and control HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) mainly aimed at people from vulnerable groups in Guatemala and Brazil. The first study includes the evaluation of a multilevel intervention to prevent and control these infections among female sex workers (FSW) of the Department of Escuintla, Guatemala. The intervention offered regular screening for HIV/STIs in three STI clinics located within the primary health centers, HIV prevention education at commercial sex sites and community awareness activities targeting other actors (police, managers of commercial sex sites) that add vulnerability among FSWs. After three and a half years of operation, the results show how the combination of a biomedical, behavioral and contextual component reduced the incidence of HIV/STIs and improved condom use with clients among women that regularly attended to STD clinics. In the same department, it was implemented a HIV voluntary counseling and testing service (VCT) using rapid syphilis. The VCT was offered in both STI clinics and through mobile units to be moved to community meeting places of FSWs and men who have sex with men (MSM). The results show how users of the VCT located in the STI clinics presented a higher prevalence of HIV and syphilis compared to those who were tested in the mobile units, suggesting that the clinical service was effective in detecting subject at risk of HIV infection. We studied HIV/STI prevalence and risk behaviors among 553 clients of FSWS of the department of Escuintla, and their role as a transmission bridge of these infections between the core group of FSWs and the women in the general population. Clients showed a greater HIV/STI prevalence than the general population of men, multiple sexual partners, low condom use with their regular partners, and sub-optimal use of condoms with FSWs. A substantial proportion played an important role in the transmission of HIV/STIs in Escuintla, acting as a bridge of HIV/STI transmission between the FSW and the low-risk women in the general population, which leads to recommend to them as beneficiaries of interventions directed to FSWs, and target both groups in an integrated and coordinated manner. Three of the studies evaluate rapid test point-of-care (POC), an innovative tool for the diagnosis of STIs that allow delivering the results during the same patient visit, avoiding loss to follow-up. We validated a rapid test for Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical samples of FSWs in Escuintla and a rapid test for syphilis in capillary blood samples obtained by fingerprick among pregnant women in the Alto Solim玫es, Amazonas, Brazil. The validation of the latter test included an operational component to determine its acceptability and feasibility, which was conducted in an STI clinic located in the port of Manaus, Brazil. Although both tests showed a moderate sensitivity in its daily-life use, its accuracy can be compensated by the advantage of starting treatment immediately, justifying its use in situations of difficult access to the health system or high loss to follow-up. The rapid test for syphilis was acceptable and operationally feasible and may improve syphilis screening programs aimed at hard to reach population

    Effectiveness, Healthcare Resource Utilization and Adherence to Subcutaneous Interferon Beta-1a According to Age in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Cohort Study Using a US Claims Database

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    <jats:p>Investigating the soil-water characteristics of calcareous soil has a great significance for preventing geological disasters on island-reefs as well as maintaining the foundation stability of hydraulic-filled island-reefs. In this study, calcareous silty sands with different fines contents and dry densities were studied to reveal their effects on the soil-water characteristics of calcareous soil on hydraulic-filled island-reefs. The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) of the calcareous silty sand was measured using a pressure plate apparatus. Taking into account the porous meso-structure, the effects of fines content and dry density on the SWCC of calcareous silty sand were analyzed, and the applicability of existing SWCC models to calcareous silty sand was verified. A SWCC model suitable for assessing soil-water characteristic of calcareous silty sand was proposed. Results of this study provide some reference for quantifying the water-holding capacity of calcareous silty sand.</jats:p&gt

    Intervencions de prevenci贸 i control del VIH i altres infeccions de transmissi贸 sexual adre莽ades a poblacions vulnerables en pa茂sos de renda baixa

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    La present tesi doctoral reuneix sis articles sobre intervencions de prevenci贸 i control de VIH i altres infeccions de transmissi贸 sexual (ITS) dirigides principalment a persones de col路lectius vulnerables de Guatemala i del Brasil. En primer lloc, inclou l'avaluaci贸 d'una intervenci贸 multinivell de prevenci贸 i control d'aquetes infeccions dirigida a dones treballadores del sexe (DTS) del departament d'Escuintla, Guatemala. La intervenci贸, oferia cribratge regular d'ITS en tres cl铆niques d'ITS integrades en centres de salut p煤blics, xerrades d'educaci贸 per la prevenci贸 del VIH a la comunitat i activitats de sensibilitzaci贸 envers altres actors (policia, gerents de locals de sexe comercial) que afegeixen vulnerabilitat al col路lectiu de DTS. Despr茅s de tres anys i mig d'operaci贸, els resultats mostren com la combinaci贸 d'un component biom猫dic, conductual i contextual redueix la incid猫ncia del VIH/ITS i millora l'煤s del preservatiu amb els clients entre les dones ateses de forma regular a les cl铆niques d'ITS. En el mateix departament, es va implementar un servei de cribratge voluntari de VIH i s铆filis mitjan莽ant test r脿pids, ofert tant en cl铆niques d'ITS com a trav茅s d'unitats m貌bils comunit脿ries que es despla莽aven a punts de trobada de DTS i homes que tenen sexe amb homes (HSH). Els resultats mostren com els usuaris del servei de cribratge localitzat a les cl铆niques d'ITS presentaren una major prevalen莽a de VIH i s铆filis respecte a aquells que es varen realitzar el test a les unitats m貌bils, suggerint que el servei de cl铆niques va ser efectiu per detectar subjectes a risc d'infecci贸 pel VIH. Es va estudiar les conductes de risc i prevalen莽a de VIH/ITS entre 553 clientes de DTS del departament d'Escuintla, i el seu rol com a pont de transmissi贸 d'aquestes infeccions entre el grup core de DTS i les dones de la poblaci贸 general. Els clients presentaren una prevalen莽a de VIH/ITS superior a les dels homes de la poblaci贸 general, m煤ltiples parelles sexual, esc脿s 煤s del preservatiu amb les seves parelles estables, i 煤s sub貌ptim del preservatiu amb les DTS. Una proporci贸 substancial juga un rol rellevant en la transmissi贸 del VIH/ITS a Escuintla, actuant de pont de transmissi贸 entre les DTS i les dones de baix risc, fet que fa necessari incloure'ls com a beneficiaris de les intervencions dirigies a DTS, per actuar en ambdues poblacions de forma global. Els tres darrers estudis fan refer猫ncia a avaluacions de test r脿pids point-of-care, una eina innovadora pel diagn貌stic d'ITS que, de forma rellevant, permet oferir els resultats durant la mateixa visita del pacient, evitant p猫rdues de seguiment. Es va validar un test r脿pid de Chlamydia Trachomatis en mostres endocervicals de DTS d'Escuintla i un test r脿pid de s铆filis en mostres de sang capil路lar obtinguda per punxada digital entre embarassades de l'Alto Solim玫es, Amazones, Brasil. La validaci贸 d'aquest darrer test va incloure un component operacional per determinar la seva acceptabilitat i viabilitat, el qual es va realitzar en una cl铆nica d'ITS del port de Manaus, Brasil. Encara que els dos test van mostrar una sensibilitat moderada en condicions de pr脿ctica cl铆nica di脿ria, la seva precisi贸 pot quedar compensada per l'avantatge d'iniciar immediatament el tractament, justificant el seu 煤s en contextos de dif铆cil acc茅s o amb elevades p猫rdues de seguiment. El test r脿pid de s铆filis va ser acceptat i viable i podria millorar operacionalment programes de cribratge de s铆filis dirigits a poblaci贸 de dif铆cil acc茅s.This thesis brings together six articles on interventions to prevent and control HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) mainly aimed at people from vulnerable groups in Guatemala and Brazil. The first study includes the evaluation of a multilevel intervention to prevent and control these infections among female sex workers (FSW) of the Department of Escuintla, Guatemala. The intervention offered regular screening for HIV/STIs in three STI clinics located within the primary health centers, HIV prevention education at commercial sex sites and community awareness activities targeting other actors (police, managers of commercial sex sites) that add vulnerability among FSWs. After three and a half years of operation, the results show how the combination of a biomedical, behavioral and contextual component reduced the incidence of HIV/STIs and improved condom use with clients among women that regularly attended to STD clinics. In the same department, it was implemented a HIV voluntary counseling and testing service (VCT) using rapid syphilis. The VCT was offered in both STI clinics and through mobile units to be moved to community meeting places of FSWs and men who have sex with men (MSM). The results show how users of the VCT located in the STI clinics presented a higher prevalence of HIV and syphilis compared to those who were tested in the mobile units, suggesting that the clinical service was effective in detecting subject at risk of HIV infection. We studied HIV/STI prevalence and risk behaviors among 553 clients of FSWS of the department of Escuintla, and their role as a transmission bridge of these infections between the core group of FSWs and the women in the general population. Clients showed a greater HIV/STI prevalence than the general population of men, multiple sexual partners, low condom use with their regular partners, and sub-optimal use of condoms with FSWs. A substantial proportion played an important role in the transmission of HIV/STIs in Escuintla, acting as a bridge of HIV/STI transmission between the FSW and the low-risk women in the general population, which leads to recommend to them as beneficiaries of interventions directed to FSWs, and target both groups in an integrated and coordinated manner. Three of the studies evaluate rapid test point-of-care (POC), an innovative tool for the diagnosis of STIs that allow delivering the results during the same patient visit, avoiding loss to follow-up. We validated a rapid test for Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical samples of FSWs in Escuintla and a rapid test for syphilis in capillary blood samples obtained by fingerprick among pregnant women in the Alto Solim玫es, Amazonas, Brazil. The validation of the latter test included an operational component to determine its acceptability and feasibility, which was conducted in an STI clinic located in the port of Manaus, Brazil. Although both tests showed a moderate sensitivity in its daily-life use, its accuracy can be compensated by the advantage of starting treatment immediately, justifying its use in situations of difficult access to the health system or high loss to follow-up. The rapid test for syphilis was acceptable and operationally feasible and may improve syphilis screening programs aimed at hard to reach population
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