Prospective registration of symptoms and times to diagnosis in children and adolescents with central nervous system tumors: A study of the Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry

Background: The elapsed time taken to diagnose tumors of the central nervous system in children and adolescents varies widely. The aim of the present study was to investigate such diagnostic time intervals at a national level in Sweden as they correlate with clinical features. Methods: Data prospectively accumulated over a 4-year period in the Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry from patients aged 0-18 years were pooled, and diagnostic time intervals were analyzed considering tumor location, tumor type, patient age and sex, initial symptoms, and clinical timelines. All six pediatric oncology centers in Sweden contributed to collection of data. Time points for calculating the total diagnostic interval (TDI) defined as the time from symptom onset to diagnosis were reported in 257 of 319 patients (81%). Results: The time from symptom onset to the first healthcare consultation, median 2.6 weeks, did not vary significantly between patients categorized according to tumor type or location. The median TDI was 8.3 weeks for the 4-year study period. Patients with optic pathway glioma (TDI 26.6 weeks), those with tumors of the spinal cord (TDI 25.9 weeks), and those with midline tumors (TDI 24.6 weeks) had the longest lead times. Additionally, older age, too few initial symptoms, and seeking initial redress outside an emergency ward were factors associated with a longer time to diagnosis. Conclusion: This study identified several factors associated with delayed diagnosis of central nervous system tumors among Swedish children and adolescents. These novel data ought to help direct future efforts toward clinical improvement.</p

Relapse patterns and outcome after relapse in standard risk medulloblastoma: a report from the HIT-SIOP-PNET4 study

The HIT-SIOP-PNET4 randomised trial for standard risk medulloblastoma (MB) (2001-2006) included 338 patients and compared hyperfractionated and conventional radiotherapy. We here report the long-term outcome after a median follow up of 7.8 years, including detailed information on relapse and the treatment of relapse. Data were extracted from the HIT Group Relapsed MB database and by way of a specific case report form. The event-free and overall (OS) survival at 10 years were 76 +/- 2 % and 78 +/- 2 % respectively with no significant difference between the treatment arms. Seventy-two relapses and three second malignant neoplasms were reported. Thirteen relapses (18 %) were isolated local relapses in the posterior fossa (PF) and 59 (82 %) were craniospinal, metastatic relapses (isolated or multiple) with or without concurrent PF disease. Isolated PF relapse vs all other relapses occurred at mean/median of 38/35 and 28/26 months respectively (p = 0.24). Late relapse, i.e. > 5 years from diagnosis, occurred in six patients (8 %). Relapse treatment consisted of combinations of surgery (25 %), focal radiotherapy (RT 22 %), high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue (HDSCR 21 %) and conventional chemotherapy (90 %). OS at 5 years after relapse was 6.0 +/- 4 %. In multivariate analysis; isolated relapse in PF, and surgery were significantly associated with prolonged survival whereas RT and HDSCR were not. Survival after relapse was not related to biological factors and was very poor despite several patients receiving intensive treatments. Exploration of new drugs is warranted, preferably based on tumour biology from biopsy of the relapsed tumour.Funding for this work was provided by: The Swedish Children's Cancer Foundation, The German Children's Cancer Foundation, Cancer Research UK, The French Ministry of Health, The French National Cancer Institute (INCa) and Associazione Bianca Garavaglia onlus (B. Arsizio, Milano)

Targeted high-throughput sequencing for genetic diagnostics of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Background: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rapid-onset, potentially fatal hyperinflammatory syndrome. A prompt molecular diagnosis is crucial for appropriate clinical management. Here, we validated and prospectively evaluated a targeted high-throughput sequencing approach for HLH diagnostics. Methods: A high-throughput sequencing strategy of 12 genes linked to HLH was validated in 13 patients with previously identified HLH-associated mutations and prospectively evaluated in 58 HLH patients. Moreover, 2504 healthy individuals from the 1000 Genomes project were analyzed in silico for variants in the same genes. Results: Analyses revealed a mutation detection sensitivity of 97.3 %, an average coverage per gene of 98.0 %, and adequate coverage over 98.6 % of sites previously reported as mutated in these genes. In the prospective cohort, we achieved a diagnosis in 22 out of 58 patients (38 %). Genetically undiagnosed HLH patients had a later age at onset and manifested higher frequencies of known secondary HLH triggers. Rare, putatively pathogenic monoallelic variants were identified in nine patients. However, such monoallelic variants were not enriched compared with healthy individuals. Conclusions: We have established a comprehensive high-throughput platform for genetic screening of patients with HLH. Almost all cases with reduced natural killer cell function received a diagnosis, but the majority of the prospective cases remain genetically unexplained, highlighting genetic heterogeneity and environmental impact within HLH. Moreover, in silico analyses of the genetic variation affecting HLH-related genes in the general population suggest caution with respect to interpreting causality between monoallelic mutations and HLH. A complete understanding of the genetic susceptibility to HLH thus requires further in-depth investigations, including genome sequencing and detailed immunological characterization.Peer reviewe

Active video gaming improves body coordination in survivors of childhood brain tumours.

Purpose We investigated whether active video gaming (AVG) could bring about regular, enjoyable, physical exercise in children treated for brain tumours, what level of physical activity could be reached and if the children's physical functioning improved. Methods Thirteen children, aged 7-17 years, were randomised to either AVG or waiting-list. After 10-12 weeks they crossed-over. Weekly Internet coaching sessions were used to sustain motivation and evaluate enjoyment. Energy expenditure (EE) levels were measured as Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET), using a multisensory activity monitor. Single-blinded assessments of physical functioning were done, using the Bruininks-Osteretsky Test of Motor Performance, second edition, evaluating participants before and after the intervention period, as well as comparing the randomisation groups after the first period. Results All patients completed the study. AVG sessions (mean duration 47 minutes) were performed on 72% of all days. Mean EE level during AVG sessions was 3.0 MET, corresponding to moderate physical activity. The Body Coordination score improved by 15% (p = 0.021) over the intervention period. Conclusions In this group of childhood brain tumour survivors, home-based AVG, supported by a coach, was a feasible, enjoyable and moderately intense form of exercise that improved Body Coordination. Implications for Rehabilitation Childhood brain tumour survivors frequently have cognitive problems, inferior physical functioning and are less physically active compared to their healthy peers. Active video gaming (AVG), supported by Internet coaching, is a feasible home-based intervention in children treated for brain tumours, promoting enjoyable, regular physical exercise of moderate intensity. In this pilot study, AVG with Nintendo Wii improved Body Coordination

Novel TPR::ROS1 Fusion Gene Activates MAPK, PI3K and JAK/STAT Signaling in an Infant-type Pediatric Glioma

BACKGROUND/AIM: Although fusion genes involving the proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase ROS1 are rare in pediatric glioma, targeted therapies with small inhibitors are increasingly being approved for histology-agnostic fusion-positive solid tumors. PATIENT AND METHODS: Here, we present a 16-month-old boy, with a brain tumor in the third ventricle. The patient underwent complete resection but relapsed two years after diagnosis and underwent a second operation. The tumor was initially classified as a low-grade glioma (WHO grade 2); however, methylation profiling suggested the newly WHO-recognized type: infant-type hemispheric glioma. To further refine the molecular background, and search for druggable targets, whole genome (WGS) and whole transcriptome (RNA-Seq) sequencing was performed. RESULTS: Concomitant WGS and RNA-Seq analysis revealed several segmental gains and losses resulting in complex structural rearrangements and fusion genes. Among the top-candidates was a novel TPR::ROS1 fusion, for which only the 3' end of ROS1 was expressed in tumor tissue, indicating that wild type ROS1 is not normally expressed in the tissue of origin. Functional analysis by Western blot on protein lysates from transiently transfected HEK293 cells showed the TPR::ROS1 fusion gene to activate the MAPK-, PI3K- and JAK/STAT- pathways through increased phosphorylation of ERK, AKT, STAT and S6. The downstream pathway activation was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry on tumor tissue slides from the patient. CONCLUSION: We have mapped the activated oncogenic pathways of a novel ROS1-fusion gene and broadened the knowledge of the newly recognized infant-type glioma subtype. The finding facilitates suitable targeted therapies for the patient in case of relapse. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0Copyright © 2022, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.Correspondence to: Frida AbelThis work was supported by the Swedish Cancer Society (www.cancerfonden.se, grant number 2018/825 to FA and grant number 2018/652 to JAN), the Swedish Children’s Cancer Foundation (www.barncancerfonden.se, grant number PR2017-0029 to FA, PR2019-0079 to KE, and KP2019-0010 to HC), and the ALF-agreement (www.researchweb.org/is/alfgbg, ALFGBG-716231 to FA, ALFGBG-965828 to HC, and ALFGBG-719301 to JAN).</p

Discovery of a rare GKAP1-NTRK2 fusion in a pediatric low-grade glioma, leading to targeted treatment with TRK-inhibitor larotrectinib

Here we report a case of an 11-year-old girl with an inoperable tumor in the optic chiasm/hypothalamus, who experienced several tumor progressions despite three lines of chemotherapy treatment. Routine clinical examination classified the tumor as a BRAF-negative pilocytic astrocytoma. Copy-number variation profiling of fresh frozen tumor material identified two duplications in 9q21.32–33 leading to breakpoints within the GKAP1 and NTRK2 genes. RT-PCR Sanger sequencing revealed a GKAP1-NTRK2 exon 10–16 in-frame fusion, generating a putative fusion protein of 658 amino acids with a retained tyrosine kinase (TK) domain. Functional analysis by transient transfection of HEK293 cells showed the GKAP1-NTRK2 fusion protein to be activated through phosphorylation of the TK domain (Tyr705). Subsequently, downstream mediators of the MAPK- and PI3K-signaling pathways were upregulated in GKAP1-NTRK2 cells compared to NTRK2 wild-type; phosphorylated (p)ERK (3.6-fold), pAKT (1.8- fold), and pS6 ribosomal protein (1.4-fold). Following these findings, the patient was enrolled in a clinical trial and treated with the specific TRK-inhibitor larotrectinib, resulting in the arrest of tumor growth. The patient’s condition is currently stable and the quality of life has improved significantly. Our findings highlight the value of comprehensive clinical molecular screening of BRAF-negative pediatric low-grade gliomas, to reveal rare fusions serving as targets for precision therapy. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0© 2021 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC.</p

Prospective registration of symptoms and times to diagnosis in children and adolescents with central nervous system tumors : A study of the Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry

BACKGROUND: The elapsed time taken to diagnose tumors of the central nervous system in children and adolescents varies widely. The aim of the present study was to investigate such diagnostic time intervals at a national level in Sweden as they correlate with clinical features.METHODS: Data prospectively accumulated over a 4-year period in the Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry from patients aged 0-18 years were pooled, and diagnostic time intervals were analyzed considering tumor location, tumor type, patient age and sex, initial symptoms, and clinical timelines. All six pediatric oncology centers in Sweden contributed to collection of data. Time points for calculating the total diagnostic interval (TDI) defined as the time from symptom onset to diagnosis were reported in 257 of 319 patients (81%).RESULTS: The time from symptom onset to the first healthcare consultation, median 2.6 weeks, did not vary significantly between patients categorized according to tumor type or location. The median TDI was 8.3 weeks for the 4-year study period. Patients with optic pathway glioma (TDI 26.6 weeks), those with tumors of the spinal cord (TDI 25.9 weeks), and those with midline tumors (TDI 24.6 weeks) had the longest lead times. Additionally, older age, too few initial symptoms, and seeking initial redress outside an emergency ward were factors associated with a longer time to diagnosis.CONCLUSION: This study identified several factors associated with delayed diagnosis of central nervous system tumors among Swedish children and adolescents. These novel data ought to help direct future efforts toward clinical improvement

RAPPORT GEODATARÅDETS HANDLINGSPLAN 2020 : Aktivitet – 4i, Långsiktig kompetensförsörjning inom geodataområdet

I den nationella geodatastrategin som gäller för åren 2016–2020 återfinns målet ”Samverkan är välutvecklad” (mål nummer 4). Inom ramen för detta mål ingår en aktivitet (4i) som syftar till att säkerställa den långsiktiga kompetensförsörjningen inom geodataområdet. För att arbeta med frågan tillsattes en arbetsgrupp med representanter från Lantmäteriet och ett antal lärosäten. I denna rapport redovisas resultatet av den tillsatta arbetsgruppens undersökningar. Arbetet är i första hand inriktat på att hitta en väg framåt som kan leda till att kompetensen inom geodataområdet långsiktigt kan säkerställas och utvecklas. I uppdraget ingår även en internationell utblick. Denna har avgränsats till att avse våra nordiska grannländer, dvs. Norge, Finland, Danmark samt Nederländerna och Österrike. Geodataområdet har avgränsats till att omfatta följande områden: Geodesi  Tekniska aspekter av geografiska informationssystem (GIS) och geografisk informationsteknologi (GIT) Fjärranalys Fotogrammetri inklusive laserskanning Tekniskt lantmäteri Många av slutsatserna från äldre rapporter och utredningar gäller fortfarande. Flera initiativ har genomförts för att komma till rätta med de identifierade problemen: samarbeten i olika forum, kostnadsfri tillgång till geodata för universitet och högskolor (via FUK-avtal), en förbättrad infrastruktur för geodata (genom forskning och regeringsuppdrag) samt utbildningssatsningar i tidig ålder (Geoskolan). Geodatarådets tidigare initiativ för att driva kompetensfrågorna i enlighet med 2012 års geodatastrategi har inte följts upp med motsvarande nya satsningar mellan åren 2016 till 2019.Det finns ett stort utbud av utbildningar inom geodataområdet utspridda på olika platser i Sverige. Kompetensförsörjningen inom geodataområdet är beroende av tillgången på välfungerande forskningsmiljöer. Goda forskningsmiljöer knyter till sig värdefulla resurser, exempelvis professorer, forskare, postdocs och doktorander. Förutom att bidra med kunskap och allokera ekonomiska resurser till forskning, förbättras lärosätenas möjligheter att kunna bedriva en attraktiv utbildning. Många gånger är en professur en nödvändighet för att åstadkomma den önskvärda forsknings- och utbildningsmiljön. Trots att flertalet utbildningsvarianter finns valbara vid ett antal lärosäten tycks tillgången på kompetens inte motsvara marknadens behov. Särskilt kritiskt tycks situationen vara för kompetenstillgången inom ämnesområdet fotogrammetri, där det idag inte finns någon profe-ssur i Sverige.Vid de tekniska högskolorna i Stockholm och Lund är söktrycket för de granskade utbildningarna gott, men få studenter väljer en inriktning mot geodata längre fram. Ämnesområdet geodata är relativt litet i förhållande till andra teknikområden och det finns en konkurrens mellan lärosätena. Detta har gjort ämnesområdet fragmentiserat med följden att inget lärosäte för närvarande tillhandahåller en komplett utbildnings- och forskningsmiljö. Det finns ett nationellt behov av en högkvalitativ masterutbildning som omfattar kärnämnena geodesi, fotogrammetri och geoinformatik. Om Sverige lyckas med att skapa en komplett masterutbildning som stöds av vitala forskargrupper bör det locka fler studenter till fortsätt utbildning, både på master- och forskarnivå. Forskningsverksamheten har flera viktiga funktioner i samhället. God forskning bidrar till att värna om Sveriges ställning som kunskapsnation och ger förutsättningar för vilken industri som etableras och stannar i landet. Aktiva forskargrupper bidrar till att skapa kompetensnätverk och får en särskild betydelse vid utbildningen av doktorander, lärare och studenter som sedan kan förse samhället med nödvändig expertkompetens. De ansträngningar som har gjorts för att försöka påverka forskningsfinansiärerna att prioritera geodataområdet har hittills varit fruktlösa. Medel får sökas inom ramen för andra forskningsprojekt. En långsiktig finansiell försörjning är en förutsättning för att forskning ska kunna bedrivas uthålligt och hålla en hög kvalitet. I Sverige finns det ingen utsedd huvudfinansiär för forskning inom geodataområdet, något som uppmärksammades redan i Geodatarådets utredning från 2008. Situationen ser likadan ut i dag, tillgången på forskningsmedel är bristfällig och det saknas en långsiktig forskningsförsörjning. I denna rapport presenteras en handlingsplan för att säkerställa den fram-tida kompetensuppbyggnaden inom geodataområdet. Arbetet bör initieras och följas upp av Geodatarådet samt utgöra en grund för inspel till kommande forskningsproposition (närmast år 2025) och dialog med berörda departement. Tre av de föreslagna aktiviteterna återges nedan: Arbeta för att skapa minst en komplett utbildnings- och forskningsmiljö som kan fungera som kompetenscentrum, och som inkluderar ämnesområdena geodesi, fotogrammetri (inklusive laserskanning) samt geoinformatik. Bilda en marknadsföringsgrupp med representanter från Geodatarådets medlemmar samt lärosäten och branschföretag som tillsammans arbetar fram en gemensam handlingsplan med aktivi-teter och kampanjer för att öka söktrycket till utbildningar med inriktning mot geodata. Ge Lantmäteriet ett forskningsfinansierande uppdrag. Formerna för ett sådant uppdrag behöver utredas närmare med andra forsknings-finansierande myndigheter som förebild. Denna lösning kräver ändringar i Lantmäteriets instruktion samt ett höjt ramanslag vilket måste tas med i beräkning vid ärendets beredning