Modelos y tendencias en la investigación sobre efectividad, impacto y transferencia de la formación docente en educación superior

En la actualidad, hay poca evidencia empírica acerca de si lo que se ha aprendido en los programas de desarrollo del profesorado realmente se aplica y, si se hace, si estas adquisiciones de conocimientos ejercen algún impacto en la optimización pedagógica, en la mejora de la calidad de los aprendizajes de los estudiantes y, finalmente, en el clima y en la cultura institucionales. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar las aportaciones más significativas de la literatura actual acerca de los estudios científicos sobre efectividad, impacto y transferencia de los programas de desarrollo docente del profesorado universitario y mostrar las tendencias investigativas sobre el tema. En primer lugar, definimos estos conceptos; en segundo lugar, exponemos los principales modelos de evaluación de la efectividad, el impacto y la transferencia de la formación docente y, finalmente, examinamos las tendencias internacionales, aproximándonos al estudio de la influencia del desarrollo docente en los contextos o en las comunidades pedagógicas y en las microculturas de enseñanza y aprendizaje. El estudio del impacto también se centra en la mejor integración del desarrollo docente con el desarrollo curricular, profesional y organizacional en las universidades.Actualment, hi ha poca evidència empírica sobre si el que s'ha après als programes de desenvolupament del professorat s'aplica realment i, si es fa, si aquestes adquisicions de coneixements exerceixen algun impacte en l'optimització pedagògica, en la millora de la qualitat dels aprenentatges dels estudiants i, finalment, en el clima i en la cultura institucionals. L'objectiu d'aquest article és revisar les aportacions més significatives de la literatura actual sobre els estudis científics d'efectivitat, impacte i transferència dels programes de desenvolupament docent del professorat universitari i mostrar les tendències investigatives sobre el tema. En primer lloc, definim aquests conceptes; en segon lloc, exposem els models principals d'avaluació de l'efectivitat, l'impacte i la transferència de la formació docent i, finalment, examinem les tendències internacionals, aproximant-nos a l'estudi de la influència del desenvolupament docent en els contextos o en les comunitats pedagògiques i en les microcultures d'ensenyament i aprenentatge. L'estudi de l'impacte també se centra en una integració millor del desenvolupament docent amb el desenvolupament curricular, professional i organitzacional a les universitats.At present there is little empirical evidence about whether what has been learned in academic development programs is actually being applied and, if so, if this learning has an impact in improving the quality of teaching, the quality of students' learning and ultimately on the institutional climate and culture. The aim of this article is to review the most significant contributions of the current scientific literature on effectiveness, impact and transfer of faculty development programs and show the research trends in the field. We first define these concepts and then discuss the main models for evaluating the effectiveness, impact and transfer of academic development. Finally, we examine international trends through the study of the influence of teacher development in teaching contexts and communities, as well as teaching and learning microcultures. The study of the impact additionally focuses on the best integration of teaching development with the curricular, professional and organizational development in HEIs

Adherence to Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Cross-National Comparison in Six European Countries (2008–2015)

Anticoagulants; Europe; Non valvular atrial fibrillationAnticoagulants; Europa; Fibril·lació auricular no valvularAnticoagulantes; Europa; Fibrilación auricular no valvularAims: To describe and compare the adherence to different direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in eight European databases representing six countries. Methods: Longitudinal drug utilization study of new users (≥18 years) of DOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) with a diagnosis of non-valvular atrial fibrillation (2008–2015). Adherence was examined by estimating persistence, switching, and discontinuation rates at 12 months. Primary non-adherence was estimated in BIFAP and SIDIAP databases. Results: The highest persistence rate was seen for apixaban in the CPRD database (81%) and the lowest for dabigatran in the Mondriaan database (22%). The switching rate for all DOACs ranged from 2.4 to 13.1% (Mondriaan and EGB databases, respectively). Dabigatran had the highest switching rate from 5.0 to 20.0% (Mondriaan and EGB databases, respectively). The discontinuation rate for all DOACs ranged from 16.0 to 63.9% (CPRD and Bavarian CD databases, respectively). Dabigatran had the highest rate of discontinuers, except in the Bavarian CD and AOK NORDWEST databases, ranging from 23.2 to 64.6% (CPRD and Mondriaan databases, respectively). Combined primary non-adherence for examined DOACs was 11.1% in BIFAP and 14.0% in SIDIAP. There were differences in population coverage and in the type of drug data source among the databases. Conclusion: Despite the differences in the characteristics of the databases and in demographic and baseline characteristics of the included population that could explain some of the observed discrepancies, we can observe a similar pattern throughout the databases. Apixaban was the DOAC with the highest persistence. Dabigatran had the highest proportion of discontinuers and switchers at 12 months in most databases (EMA/2015/27/PH).The project has received support from the European Medicines Agency under the Framework service contract (nr EMA/2015/27/PH) with regard to the reopening of competition no. 3. K. Janhsen (Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448 Witten, Germany (UW/GH)) and A. Heeke (AOK NORDWEST, Kopenhagener Straße 1, 44269 Dortmund, Germany). R. Gerlach and M. Tauscher (National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians of Bavaria, Elsenheimerstr. 39, MD-80687 Munich, Germany). The authors from the BIFAP database would like to acknowledge the excellent collaboration of the primary care general practitioners and pediatricians, and also the support of the regional governments to the database. This study is based in part on data from the ‘base de datos para la investigación Farmacoepidemiológica en Atención Primaria’ (BIFAP) fully financed by the Spanish Agency on Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS). The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the EMA (European Medicines Agency) or one of its committees or working parties, or AEMPS (Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios). The authors thank Alethea Charlton for her support reviewing and editing the English. The authors thank SIDIAP (Sistema d’informació per al Desenvolupament de Investigació en Atenció Primària) for providing the data with respect to CPRD, approval of the study protocol was granted by the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (protocol 17_089R)

Indications related to antidepressant prescribing in the Nivel-PCD database and the SIDIAP database

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSICAntidepressant drug consumption has increased, mainly in the elderly. This trend could be explained by the use for indications other than depression. We aimed to describe the indications related to antidepressant drug new users in two primary care settings

Cross-National comparison of antiepileptic drug use: Catalonia, Denmark and Norway, 2007-2011

Background: Antiepileptic drug  (AED)consumption has increased in recent years mainly from those AEDs marketed since 1990. The purpose is to describe and compare AED consumption in Catalonia, Denmark and Norway. Methods: Population-based descriptive study set in the outpatient healthcare sector. Data were retrieved from the Norwegian Prescription Register, Danish Register of Medicinal Product Statistics and DATAMART® in Catalonia, for 2007-2011. We calculated defined daily doses/1000 inhabitants/day (DID), by age and gender. AEDs were defined according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification (N03A). We reviewed the population covered by the databases, the drug data source and the definition of outpatient healthcare sector to compare the results across the three settings. Results: Total AED use steadily increased over the study period in the three settings. In 2011, consumption was highest in Catalonia (15.20 DID), followed by Denmark (15.06 DID) and Norway (14.24 DID). The “other AEDs” (N03AX) subgroup represented 60% of all AED use. The N03A pattern by gender did not differ across the three settings. Marked differences by age and gender appeared when studying lamotrigine, topiramate, gabapentin, pregabalin and levetiracetam.  Differences among the databases were mainly in the definition of outpatient healthcare setting. Conclusions: There was a rapid increase in “other AEDs” in all three settings. Although we did not have information on the indication for the use of AEDs, the drug data source, population coverage of the database and definition of the healthcare setting helped us interpret the results

Impact of the 2018 revised Pregnancy Prevention Programme by the European Medicines Agency on the use of oral retinoids in females of childbearing age in Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, and Spain: an interrupted time series analysis

Acne; Oral retinoids; Pregnancy preventionAcné; Retinoides orales; Prevención del embarazoAcné; Retinoides orals; Prevenció de l'embaràsBackground: In March 2018, the European pregnancy prevention programme for oral retinoids was updated as part of risk minimisation measures (RMM), emphasising their contraindication in pregnant women. Objective: To measure the impact of the 2018 revision of the RMMs in Europe by assessing the utilisation patterns of isotretinoin, alitretinoin and acitretin, contraceptive measures, pregnancy testing, discontinuation, and pregnancy occurrence concomitantly with a retinoid prescription. Methods: An interrupted time series (ITS) analysis to compare level and trend changes after the risk minimisation measures implementation was conducted on a cohort of females of childbearing age (12–55 years of age) from January 2010 to December 2020, derived from six electronic health data sources in four countries: Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, and Italy. Monthly utilisation figures (incidence rates [IR], prevalence rates [PR] and proportions) of oral retinoids were calculated, as well as discontinuation rates, contraception coverage, pregnancy testing, and rates of exposed pregnancies to oral retinoids, before and after the 2018 RMMs. Results: From 10,714,182 females of child-bearing age, 88,992 used an oral retinoid at any point during the study period (mean age 18.9–22.2 years old). We found non-significant level and trend changes in incidence or prevalence of retinoid use in females of child-bearing age after the 2018 RMMs. The reason of discontinuation was unknown in >95% of cases. Contraception use showed a significant increase trend in Spain; for other databases this information was limited. Pregnancy testing was hardly recorded thus was not possible to model ITS analyses. After the 2018 RMM, rates of pregnancy occurrence during retinoid use, and start of a retinoid during a pregnancy varied from 0.0 to 0.4, and from 0.2 to 0.8, respectively. Conclusion: This study shows a limited impact of the 2018 RMMs on oral retinoids utilisation patterns among females of child-bearing age in four European countries. Pregnancies still occur during retinoid use, and oral retinoids are still prescribed to pregnant women. Contraception and pregnancy testing information was limited in most databases. Regulators, policymakers, prescribers, and researchers must rethink implementation strategies to avoid any pregnancy becoming temporarily related to retinoid use.The research leading to these results was conducted as part of the activities of the EU PE&PV (Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance) Research Network which is a public academic partnership coordinated by the Utrecht University, Netherlands. The project has received support from the European Medicines Agency under the Framework service contract nr EMA/2017/09/PE (Lot 4). The content of this manuscript expresses the opinion of the authors and may not be understood or quoted as being made on behalf of or reflecting the position of the European Medicines Agency or one of its committees or working parties

COVID-19 and pregnancy: A European study on pre- and post-infection medication use

Antithrombotic medications; COVID-19; PregnancyMedicaments antitrombòtics; COVID 19; EmbaràsMedicamentos antitrombóticos; COVID-19; EmbarazoPurpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted medication needs and prescribing practices, including those affecting pregnant women. Our goal was to investigate patterns of medication use among pregnant women with COVID-19, focusing on variations by trimester of infection and location. Methods: We conducted an observational study using six electronic healthcare databases from six European regions (Aragon/Spain; France; Norway; Tuscany, Italy; Valencia/Spain; and Wales/UK). The prevalence of primary care prescribing or dispensing was compared in the 30-day periods before and after a positive COVID-19 test or diagnosis. Results: The study included 294,126 pregnant women, of whom 8943 (3.0%) tested positive for, or were diagnosed with, COVID-19 during their pregnancy. A significantly higher use of antithrombotic medications was observed particularly after COVID-19 infection in the second and third trimesters. The highest increase was observed in the Valencia region where use of antithrombotic medications in the third trimester increased from 3.8% before COVID-19 to 61.9% after the infection. Increases in other countries were lower; for example, in Norway, the prevalence of antithrombotic medication use changed from around 1-2% before to around 6% after COVID-19 in the third trimester. Smaller and less consistent increases were observed in the use of other drug classes, such as antimicrobials and systemic corticosteroids. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the substantial impact of COVID-19 on primary care medication use among pregnant women, with a marked increase in the use of antithrombotic medications post-COVID-19. These results underscore the need for further research to understand the broader implications of these patterns on maternal and neonatal/fetal health outcomes.Open access funding provided by University of Oslo (incl Oslo University Hospital) The project has received support from the European Medicines Agency under the Framework service contract no. EMA/2018/28/PE (Lot 4). The content of this paper expresses the opinion of the authors and may not be understood or quoted as being made on behalf of or reflecting the position of the European Medicines Agency or one of its committees or working parties

Sales of macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, and amoxicillin/clavulanate in the in- and outpatient setting in 10 European countries, 2007-2010

Monitoring the use of antibiotics is relevant due to the public health impact of microbial resistance, adverse effects, and costs. We present data on the consumption of macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins and amoxicillin/clavulanate (AMC) between 2007 and 2010 in the in-and outpatient healthcare setting in 10 European countries provided by IMS Health. Antibiotics were classified according to the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification and consumption was expressed in defined daily doses/1000 inhabitants/day (DIDs). We analysed the number of prescriptions by diagnostic codes between 2008 and 2010, based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). These ICD-10 codes were grouped into four main categories: respiratory infections, genitourinary infections, other infections and other diagnoses. In 2010, the consumption of macrolides and lincosamides ranged from 0.45 DIDs (Sweden) to 5.46 DIDs (Italy),and from 0.04 DIDs (Denmark) to 1.00 DID (Germany),respectively. Streptogramins were available in France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain and United Kingdom with a consumption of < 0.001 DID exclusively in the hospital setting. The consumption of AMC ranged from < 0.001 DIDs (Norway) to 11.67 DIDs (Spain). During the study period, the consumption of macrolides decreased, the consumption of AMC increased in most of European countries, and lincosamides varied very slightly. Macrolides and AMC were mainly prescribed for respiratory infections in all countries but United Kingdom, where most of the prescriptions were assigned to diagnostic codes not clearly related with an infection. Lincosamides were prescribed for the respiratory infections and other infections groups. There was a wide inter-country variability in the percentage of the prescriptions assigned to each of the diagnostic categories. The inter-country differences in the consumption of these antibiotics and their prescription by diagnostic categories point to an inappropriate use of antibiotics

The impact of a multidisciplinary team intervention on medication prescription in nursing homes in Catalonia

Tesis per compendiBackground: In response to the rising population of nursing home residents with frailty and multimorbidity, optimizing medication safety through drug utilization review and addressing medication-related problems (MRPs) is imperative. Clinical decision support systems help reduce medication errors and detect potential MRPs, as well as medication reviews performed by a multidisciplinary team, but these combined assessments are not commonly performed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact on medication plans of a multidisciplinary team intervention in nursing homes, by analyzing the medication plan before and after the intervention and assessing whether the recommendations given had been implemented. Methods: A multicenter before-after study, involving five nursing homes, assessed the impact of a multidisciplinary team intervention, to estimate effectiveness related to the review of the prescribed medications. The follow-up period for each patient was 12 months or until death if prior, from July 2020 to February 2022, and involved 483 patients. The clinical pharmacologist coordinated the intervention and reviewed all the prescribed medications to make recommendations, focused on the completion of absent data, withdrawal of a drug, verification of whether a drug was adequate, the substitution of a drug, and the addition of drugs. Since the intervention was performed during the COVID-19 pandemic, optimization of psychotropic drugs and absorbent pads were limited. Results: The intervention had an impact with recommendations given for 398 (82.4%) of the patients and which were followed by 58.5% of them. At least one drug was withdrawn in 293 (60.7%) of the patients, with a mean of 2.3 (SD 1.7). As for the total of 1,097 recommendations given, 355 (32.4%) were followed. From the intervention, antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, statins, and diuretics were the most frequently withdrawn. Conclusion: The findings underscore the impact of targeted interventions to reduce inappropriate medications and enhance medication safety in nursing homes. The proposed recommendations given and followed show the importance of a multidisciplinary team, coordinated by a clinical pharmacologist, for a patient-centered approach to make medication reviews regularly, with the help of clinical decision support systems, to help reduce potential MRPs and polypharmacy

Evaluation of a support system for health professionals confined by COVID-19

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la implementación de un circuito telefónico de apoyo a profesionales sanitarios confinados por COVID-19 en una dirección de Atención Primaria de Barcelona, en España.  MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, realizado con profesionales confinados en domicilio entre el 11 de marzo y el 31 de mayo de 2020. Se envió por correo electrónico un cuestionario con 18 preguntas cerradas y una abierta. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las respuestas cerradas y un análisis del contenido temático de la pregunta abierta. RESULTADOS: 398 profesionales puntuaron globalmente el circuito con 6,54 en una escala de 1 a 10. El formato de las llamadas realizadas en el circuito de apoyo se estimó con las puntuaciones máximas, la unidad de apoyo psicológico y la coordinación por diferentes colectivos se evaluaron con las puntuaciones más bajas. El análisis del contenido de la pregunta abierta ofrece argumentos explicativos de los resultados cuantitativos.  CONCLUSIONES: El estudio permitió evaluar de manera válida y fiable la implementación de un circuito de apoyo a profesionales confinados, además de reconocer áreas de mejora. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of a telephone system in a department of Primary Care in Barcelona, Spain, supporting health professionals confined by COVID-19.  METHODS: We conducted an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study with confined professionals, between March 11 and May 31, 2020. We emailed a questionnaire with 18 closed-ended questions and one open-ended question and performed a descriptive analysis of the closed-ended answers and an analysis of the thematic content of the open-ended question.  RESULTS: Thirty-nine hundred and ninety-eight professionals evaluated the system overall with a score of 6.54 on a scale of 1 to 10. The evaluation of the format of calls made in the support system had higher scores, while the psychological support unit and the coordination of the different groups had lower scores. The content analysis of the open-ended question provides explanatory arguments for the quantitative results.  CONCLUSIONS: The study allowed a valid and reliable evaluation of the implementation of a support system for confined professionals, in addition to recognizing areas for improvement.