Coordination Control for Grid Connected Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell system

ABSTRACT: Power system plays important role for the generation of power from conventional sources, transmutation and distribution power at different consumer applications it will faces a so many problems. This can be overcome to implement the micro grid concept. The micro grid concept introduces the power is generated from the renewable energy sources like P.V Wind, Fuel cell, Micro Turbine etc will give signifying moment in near future. These power generating stations interconnected to form a micro grid system. IN this paper power generated from P.V and Fuel Cell (PEM). Here Both are the DC power generating stations for the purpose of power generating from the P.V in night time, rain session and cloud time face difficulties. this can be overcome to power is generating by using fuel cell and without any interruption of energy supplies to load and this system can interconnected to the utility grid and coordinately between these two system by using P-Q control theory in bidirectional converter system. This concept to reduces multiple reserve conversions and it will consists of both A.C and D.C networks connected to distribution generation through multi-bidirectional converters and to maintain stable operation of system by using proposed coordination schemes in the MATLAB simulink environment. KEYWORDS: micro grid, grid-tied mode, coordination control operations, PV system, Fuel Cell power generation. I.INTRODUCTION The ever increasing energy consumption, the soaring cost and the exhaustible nature of fossil fuel, and the worsening global environment have created increased interest in green [renewable based energy sources] power generation systems. Wind and solar power generation are two of the most promising renewable power generation technologies. The growth of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems has exceeded the most optimistic estimation. Nevertheless, because different alternative energy sources can complement each other to some extent, multisource hybrid alternative energy systems (with proper control) have great potential to provide higher quality and more reliable power to customers than a system based on a single resource. Because of this feature, hybrid energy systems have caught worldwide research attention A hybrid scheme consists of wind PV[3] array and fuel cell with power electronic convertors and power balancing controls are proposed in this paper for the purpose of reduces the reversible covert ions smooth power variation between sources and maintain stable operation in the system. The battery bank, which is charged during the daytime, will supply the inverter during the night to provide fuel cell necessary. when solar irradiation reaches its peak, the proposed scheme with appropriate choice of the sizes of the PV array and fuel cel

SepF supports the recruitment of the DNA translocase SftA to the Z-ring

In many bacteria, cell division begins before the sister chromosomes are fully segregated. Specific DNA translocases ensure that the chromosome is removed from the closing septum, such as the transmembrane protein FtsK in Escherichia coli. Bacillus subtilis contains two FtsK homologues, SpoIIIE and SftA. SftA is active during vegetative growth whereas SpoIIIE is primarily active during sporulation and pumps the chromosome into the spore compartment. FtsK and SpoIIIE contain several transmembrane helices, however, SftA is assumed to be a cytoplasmic protein. It is unknown how SftA is recruited to the cell division site. Here we show that SftA is a peripheral membrane protein, containing an N-terminal amphipathic helix that reversibly anchors the protein to the cell membrane. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen we found that SftA interacts with the conserved cell division protein SepF. Based on extensive genetic analyses and previous data we propose that the septal localization of SftA depends on either SepF or the cell division protein FtsA. Since SftA seems to interfere with the activity of SepF, and since inactivation of SepF mitigates the sensitivity of a ∆sftA mutant for ciprofloxacin, we speculate that SftA might delay septum synthesis when chromosomal DNA is in the vicinity

The minimalistic divisome reveals power of the cell division machinery

Bacterial resistance towards antibiotics is an increasing worldwide health problem with the potential to seriously endanger modern medicine without prudent measures. Bacteria use an array of mechanisms to by-pass the activities of antibiotics available to treat bacterial infections for example by mutations in their genome. By doing so, they acquire resistance to antibiotics and these genetic changes can be passed on to other bacteria. Traditionally, the search for antimicrobials were done by screening for natural compounds working against bacteria. In the search for novel antimicrobials, understanding the physiology of bacteria is becoming increasingly important, including how cell division in bacteria works. Knowledge on cell division will contribute to the design of novel synthetic compounds that target this vital bacterial process. In this thesis, I have determined the minimal number of proteins the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis requires to form a FtsZ ring, which is the first major step in cell division. In addition, I have also investigated the interaction between the DNA translocase SftA and the conserved cell division protein SepF in B. subtilis. Finally, I have investigated the molecular cues determining the localization of the chemoreceptor Tar in the Gram-negative model organism E. coli

Membrane Curvature and the Tol-Pal Complex Determine Polar Localization of the Chemoreceptor Tar in Escherichia coli

Chemoreceptors are localized at the cell poles of Escherichia coli and other rod-shaped bacteria. Over the years different mechanisms have been put forward to explain this polar localization; from stochastic clustering, membrane curvature driven localization, interactions with the Tol-Pal complex, to nucleoid exclusion. To evaluate these mechanisms, we monitored the cellular localization of the aspartate chemoreceptor Tar in different deletion mutants. We did not find any indication for either stochastic cluster formation or nucleoid exclusion. However, the presence of a functional Tol-Pal complex appeared to be essential to retain Tar at cell poles. Interestingly, Tar still accumulated at midcell in tol and in pal deletion mutants. In these mutants, the protein appears to gather at the base of division septa, a region characterised by strong membrane curvature. Chemoreceptors, like Tar, form trimer-of-dimers that bend the cell membrane due to a rigid tripod structure. The curvature approaches the curvature of the cell membrane generated during cell division, and localization of chemoreceptor tripods at curved membrane areas is therefore energetically favourable as it lowers membrane tension. Indeed, when we introduced mutations in Tar that abolish the rigid tripod structure, the protein was no longer able to accumulate at midcell or cell poles. These findings favour a model where chemoreceptor localization in E. coli is driven by strong membrane curvature and association with the Tol-Pal complex.Importance Bacteria have exquisite mechanisms to sense and to adapt to the environment they live in. One such mechanism involves the chemotaxis signal transduction pathway, in which chemoreceptors specifically bind certain attracting or repelling molecules and transduce the signals to the cell. In different rod-shaped bacteria, these chemoreceptors localize specifically to cell poles. Here, we examined the polar localization of the aspartate chemoreceptor Tar in E. coli, and found that membrane curvature at cell division sites and the Tol-Pal protein complex, localize Tar at cell division sites, the future cell poles. This study shows how membrane curvature can guide localization of proteins in a cell

THE EFFECT OF OLANZAPINE AND SERTRALINE ON PERSONALITY DISORDER IN PATIENTS WITH METHADONE MAINTENANCE THERAPY

Background: Various drugs have been suggested for treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)-a disabling disease affecting two percent of the general population. If a drug could alleviate a wide range of symptoms, it would be more suitable. In these disorders drug addiction is very common. This fact makes the symptoms complicated and the treatment more difficult. Subjects and methods: This study is designed to evaluate the effect of Olanzapine and Sertraline in patients suffering from personality disorders who are on methadone maintenance therapy. This study is a clinical trial. 120 males and females were chosen for methadone maintenance therapy through interview by a psychiatrist based on DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for BPD. Afterwards they were randomly divided into two groups. These groups separately received Olanzapine (5-10 mg daily) and Sertraline (50-100 mg daily) therapy. The SCL-90 questionnaire was filled by all participants before treatment and at the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks of treatment. Results: According to this clinical trial, Olanzapine and Sertraline are effective in ameliorating symptoms of depression, anxiety and aggression, reducing sensitivity in interpersonal relationships and alleviating obsessive symptoms, pessimistic behaviors and somatization disorders in patients with personality disorders on methadone maintenance therapy. Conclusion: As result of this study it appears that Olanzapine and Sertraline are definitely effective in alleviating symptoms of patients with personality disorder, prescribing theses drugs are recommended for these patients

Membrane Curvature and the Tol-Pal Complex Determine Polar Localization of the Chemoreceptor Tar in Escherichia coli

Chemoreceptors are localized at the cell poles of Escherichia coli and other rod-shaped bacteria. Over the years different mechanisms have been put forward to explain this polar localization; from stochastic clustering, membrane curvature driven localization, interactions with the Tol-Pal complex, to nucleoid exclusion. To evaluate these mechanisms, we monitored the cellular localization of the aspartate chemoreceptor Tar in different deletion mutants. We did not find any indication for either stochastic cluster formation or nucleoid exclusion. However, the presence of a functional Tol-Pal complex appeared to be essential to retain Tar at cell poles. Interestingly, Tar still accumulated at midcell in tol and in pal deletion mutants. In these mutants, the protein appears to gather at the base of division septa, a region characterised by strong membrane curvature. Chemoreceptors, like Tar, form trimer-of-dimers that bend the cell membrane due to a rigid tripod structure. The curvature approaches the curvature of the cell membrane generated during cell division, and localization of chemoreceptor tripods at curved membrane areas is therefore energetically favourable as it lowers membrane tension. Indeed, when we introduced mutations in Tar that abolish the rigid tripod structure, the protein was no longer able to accumulate at midcell or cell poles. These findings favour a model where chemoreceptor localization in E. coli is driven by strong membrane curvature and association with the Tol-Pal complex.Importance Bacteria have exquisite mechanisms to sense and to adapt to the environment they live in. One such mechanism involves the chemotaxis signal transduction pathway, in which chemoreceptors specifically bind certain attracting or repelling molecules and transduce the signals to the cell. In different rod-shaped bacteria, these chemoreceptors localize specifically to cell poles. Here, we examined the polar localization of the aspartate chemoreceptor Tar in E. coli, and found that membrane curvature at cell division sites and the Tol-Pal protein complex, localize Tar at cell division sites, the future cell poles. This study shows how membrane curvature can guide localization of proteins in a cell