Performance study of automatic transmit power control (ATPC) in point to point microwave link for rain attenuation problem in Malaysia

Point-to-point microwave system is the backbone link for mobile communication industry as well as for other applications. In tropical region particularly in Malaysia, rain attenuation is the major constraint for implementing microwave system above 10GHz. The extreme of propagation channel environment due to rain has brought to the research and development of an automatic transmit power control (ATPC) in microwave transceiver. ATPC varies the transmit power level in order to maintain the receive signal level (RSL) above the threshold for biterror- rate (BER) desired. This research project will cover three main scope of study. First estimated calculation of rain attenuation on terrestrial point-to-point microwave link based on rain data captured. This will involve the understanding and computational of rain attenuation modeling equation by ITU-R recommendation using the Matlab software. Second is the basic concept and operational of ATPC applied in transceiver module of microwave link. Finally the experimental performance analysis of ATPC on actual microwave link install in Celcom microwave network. The performance will be measured on receive signal level on the actual system with ATPC option enable and disable for a certain period of time with realtime rain faded signa

Toxicity Azadirachta indica and Piper Sarmentosum extract mixture formulations against Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in paddy field

Infestation of Nilaparvata lugens on rice in Malaysia is not as heavy compared to other Asian countries, but still lower the rice yield production. Nilaparvata lugens is developing resistance against chemical pesticide, therefore an alternative approach such as the application of botanical pesticide is potential to control the N. lugens. The aims of this research were to determine the synergistic activity in combination of Azadirachta indica and Piper sarmentosum emulsion formulations extract against Nilaparvata lugens. Three formulations were developed were coded as F1, F2, and F3. The F1 was selected as the best formulation because it in range of good zeta potential value (-48.3 mV) and viscosity value (100.1 mPa/s), the lowest particle size (202.5 nm), remained homogenous for centrifugation and stability test, polydispersity index (PDI) value indicated it is in ideal monodisperse phase (0.359), low surface tension (31.3 mN/m) and low pH (3.65). The lethal concentration, LC50 and sub lethal, LC10 and LC25 were determined from nymph mortality bioassay test on third instar N. lugens nymphs. Mortality rate of F1 and F2 were 0.011 mg/l and F3 was 0.031 mg/l. The value of lethal and sublethal concentration were used in a test against female N. lugens to determine the effect of formulations on fecundity of N. lugens. There were significant differences between formulations on the number of eggs produced after treatments. The lowest egg produced from F1 with 128.11 number of eggs. It can be concluded that all formulations showed promising result in controlling N. lugens

Musyarakah Mutanaqisah: A Systematic Literature Review

The present research aims to highlight trends in the previous research conducted on the Musyarakah Mutanaqisah arrangement. This research conducted a systematic literature review on the Musyarakah Mutanaqisah arrangement on the Scopus database from 2018 until July 2023. This research includes 21 journal articles from the 29 documents retrieved from the Scopus database. It was found that interviews and questionnaire surveys were the most frequently used methods in researching Musyarakah Mutanaqisah. Diverse variables have been studied in previous research. Most previous research on the Musyarakah Mutanaqisah arrangement was carried out in Malaysia since Malaysia is the leader in Islamic finance. Not all previous research was supported by theories or models. Most of the previous research on Musyarakah Mutanaqisah has focused on home financing facility. The findings from the present research can provide the foundation for future research on the Musyarakah Mutanaqisah arrangement