INTERCONNECTION OF PHOSPHATE-CALCIUM REGIME OF RESERVOIRS WITH THEIR BIOPRODUCTIVITY (REVIEW)

Обобщены данные о содержании кальция и фосфора в континен-тальных водоемах различных геологических зон Украины, поско-льку эти элементы определяют ход многих физико-химическихпроцессов в водоемах и влияют на их биопродуктивность. Кальцийи фосфор являются чрезвычайно важными структурными элемен-тами всех живых систем, играют существенную роль в регуляциипроцессов, протекающих внутри водоемов, имеют большое значе-ние в определении трофности водоемов. Одним из критериев приоценке возможной роли минеральных солей в жизнедеятельностигидробионтов, является установление взаимосвязи между общейминерализацией воды, ее ионным составом, численностью ибиомассой отдельных водных организмов. Изменение содержаниякальция и фосфора в воде может осуществлять как прямое, так иопосредованное влияние через планктонные и бентосные кормо-вые организмы, на видовой состав и численность рыб, обитающихв морских и континентальных водоемах. Существуют данные, под-тверждающие наличие взаимосвязи между изменением соотноше-ния в воде ионов кальция, фосфора и других элементов с видовымсоставом и численностью рыб.Обобщены данные о содержании кальция и фосфора в континен-тальных водоемах различных геологических зон Украины, поско-льку эти элементы определяют ход многих физико-химическихпроцессов в водоемах и влияют на их биопродуктивность. Кальцийи фосфор являются чрезвычайно важными структурными элемен-тами всех живых систем, играют существенную роль в регуляциипроцессов, протекающих внутри водоемов, имеют большое значе-ние в определении трофности водоемов. Одним из критериев приоценке возможной роли минеральных солей в жизнедеятельностигидробионтов, является установление взаимосвязи между общейминерализацией воды, ее ионным составом, численностью ибиомассой отдельных водных организмов. Изменение содержаниякальция и фосфора в воде может осуществлять как прямое, так иопосредованное влияние через планктонные и бентосные кормо-вые организмы, на видовой состав и численность рыб, обитающихв морских и континентальных водоемах. Существуют данные, под-тверждающие наличие взаимосвязи между изменением соотноше-ния в воде ионов кальция, фосфора и других элементов с видовымсоставом и численностью рыб.The data on the content of calcium and phosphorus in continental waters of different geological zones of Ukraine is summarized, since these elements determine the course of many physical and chemical processes in water bodies and affect their bioproductivity. Calcium and phosphorus are extremely important structural elements of all living systems that play an important role in regulating the processes occurring inside the reservoirs, which are of great importance in determining the trophy of water bodies. One of the criteria for assessing the possible role of mineral salts in the life of hydrobionts is the establishment of the relationship between the total mineralization of water, its ionic composition, the abundance and biomass of individual aquatic organisms. Changes in the content of calcium and phosphorus in water can have both directand indirect effects through planktonic and benthic fodder organisms, on the species composition and number of fish living in marine and continental waters. There is evidence that there is a correlation between the change in the ratio of calcium, phosphorus and other elements in water to the species composition and number of fish. The chemical state of surface water, including the content of calcium and phosphorus in them, is marked by a large variety due to geological and soil conditions and anthropogenic influences. Calcium and phosphorus are extremely important structural elements of all living systems, which play an essential role in regulating processes occurring inside the reservoirs, which are of great importance in determining the trophy of reservoirs. Increasing anthropogenic eutrophication of continental reservoirs, increasing the content of calcium phosphates and other minerals significantly affects the development of individual forms of hydrobionts. In connection with an increase in the content of phosphates and other biogenic elements in many reservoirs, the biomass of phytoplankton has increased, the number of individual forms of malacafauna and ichthyofauna has changed. Therefore, the role of phosphorus and calcium in the activity of hydrobionts as the most important plastic elements that take part in the regulation of the main metabolic processes occurring at different levels of the organization of living systems is of particular importance. One of the tasks set before hydrobiological science is to increase the productivity of internal reservoirs, including fish productivity. Solving this problem requires the further development of research into the mechanisms of adaptation of fish to environmental factors of the water environment. An important aspect of this question is the study of phosphoric-calcium metabolism in hydrobionts, in particular in fish, because it is closely related to bioenergetic, biosynthetic and other processes in the body. It is established that in the mechanism of animal adaptation the leading role belongs to the energy metabolism, in particular, the metabolism of macroergic phosphorus compounds. Calcium and phosphorus play an important role in the life of reservoirs, determining the course of many physical and chemical processes and affecting their bioproductivity. The content of these elements in the waters of different reservoirs varies widely. It is known that in atmospheric precipitation entering the water body, there is practically no calcium and contains a small amount of phosphorus. As a result of the interaction of atmospheric precipitation with geological rocks and soils, water is enriched with various organic and mineral substances, in particular calcium and phosphorus. This can be explained by the fact that in each geochemical zone there are water with a chemical-specific specific to each region

Trophic characteristics of Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) in toxic environment

The influence of ions of heavy metals (copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc, cobalt and manganese) was investigated on the basis of trophic characteristics: the average daily ration (ADR), and duration of food passage (DFP) of the Lymnaea stagnalis L. in various concentrations of toxicants in vivisection experiment. In addition to these indicators, the total amount of food consumed in the solutions with various concentrations of pollutants was found out during the chronic experiment and it was calculated for an individual (average monthly ration – AMR). It leads to the conclusions about the intensity of food consuming considering different levels of intoxication. In solutions with lethal concentrations, the death of animals occurs during the first day of its impact due to the damage of tissues and organ systems. Chronic lethal concentrations of toxicants inhibit the nutrition of pond snails dramatically. At the beginning of the experiment, solutions of heavy metals with sublethal concentrations give some stimulatory effect on the digestive system of molluscs that is replaced by its suppression in case of longer being in the toxic environment. The influence of toxicants within a subthreshold limit cannot be considered safe because of the cumulative properties of heavy metals – they become sublethal with prolonged exposure time

ANALYSIS OF Tanacetum Vulgare L. INTRODUCTION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE POLISSYA OF UKRAINE

В статье приведены результаты исследований по изучению эколого-биологических особенностей пижмы обыкновенной (Tanacetum vulgare L.) в условиях ботанического питомника Житомирского национального агроэкологического университета и фитополе Житомирского агротехнического коледжа. На основе многолетних исследований изучена биология цветения, опыления и ритмы сезонного развития пижмы обыкновенной (Tanacetum vulgare L.), оценено их влияние на урожайность и качество лекарственного сырья в условиях Полесья Украины. На основе изучения биологических особенностей показана фенотипическая изменчивость корреляция количественных признаков у растений начальной популяции и изучены коллекционный материал пижмы обыкновенной (Tanacetum vulgare L.) разного географического происхождения в условиях Полесья Украины.В статье приведены результаты исследований по изучению эколого-биологических особенностей пижмы обыкновенной (Tanacetum vulgare L.) в условиях ботанического питомника Житомирского национального агроэкологического университета и фитополе Житомирского агротехнического коледжа. На основе многолетних исследований изучена биология цветения, опыления и ритмы сезонного развития пижмы обыкновенной (Tanacetum vulgare L.), оценено их влияние на урожайность и качество лекарственного сырья в условиях Полесья Украины. На основе изучения биологических особенностей показана фенотипическая изменчивость корреляция количественных признаков у растений начальной популяции и изучены коллекционный материал пижмы обыкновенной (Tanacetum vulgare L.) разного географического происхождения в условиях Полесья Украины.The article presents the results of studies on the study of ecological and biological features of Tanacetum vulgare L. under conditions of a botanical nursery of the Zhytomyr National Agroecological University. As a result of studying the biology of flowering and pollination of ordinary flavor, it has been established that the main method of pollination is cross-sectional. A slight binding of seeds due to selfpollination within a single basket is allowed. Methodological approaches to breeding work with this crop should be similar forcross-pollinated plants. The study of the biological characteristics of tansy ordinary allowed to establish the expediency of its cultivation in Zhytomyr region as a multi-cultural and recommend the main evaluation of breeding material in plants of the second year of life. In the selection work, in the initial stages of the scheme, it is necessary to use the seedling method of cultivation, which allows one year after the birth of the seed collection of the best collection samples and,thus, contribute to accelerating the selection process. The population phenotypic variability of quantitative characteristics is determined within the population. In the course of research, a relatively high correlation was found between raw material yields on the one hand; the number of generative shoots, the number and weight of baskets in the inflorescence – on the other (r = 0.76, 0.74, 0.73, respectively). Significant, and less pronounced correlation is observed between the yield of raw materials and seeds (r = 0.53). The maintenance of the amount of flavonoids in the first year of vegetation significantly correlates with its mass fraction in the second year of life (r = 0.75), which indicates the effectiveness of selection on this basis in the first year of vegetation. Detected correlations are the basis for predicting the selection of valuable forms on indicator basis, as well as for simplification of selection. Collection and study of Tanacetum vulgare L. collection of 105 samples of different geographical origin. 25 best populations are distinguished which are characterized by high indicators of individual characteristics – yield of inflorescences, seeds, contents of the sum of flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids and have value as valuable source material for selection of tansy by different methods. According to a set of economically useful features, selected collectible samples: 972-02 (Germany), 992-01 (Slovakia),733-01 (Poland), which exceed the control of raw material yield by 12-34%, and the content of active substances at 13-27%, which areincluded in the breeding process for a comparative trial at the finalstages of the breeding scheme. The method of vegetative reproductionof Tanacetum vulgare L. by cloning rhizomes is developed, which helpsto preserve and fix the economic value signs of the allocated numbers, simplify and accelerate the breeding work for the creationof high-yielding varieties that meet the requirements of production

ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAKE POND (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA: PULMONATA: LYMNAEIDAE) DUE TO THE INFLUENCE OF CADMIUM IONS IN THE AQUEOUS MEDIUM

В статье приведены результаты исследований по изучению влияния ионов кадмия (остролетальные концентрации – 5-0,5 мг / дм3; хронические летальные – 5.10-2-5.10-3 мг / дм3; выдерживаемые – 5.10-4-5.10-5 мг / дм3; подпороговые концентрации – 5.10-6 мг / дм3 иниже) на этологические, морфологические и физиологические показатели прудовика озерного. На основе многолетних исследований изучено выживание особей в токсичной среде в зависимости от концентрации иона металла и продолжительности его воздействия. В результате изучения биологических особенностей по совокупности основных токсикологических показателей для L. stagnalis, подверженных действию ионов кадмия водной среды, установлено, что этот металл является сильнотоксичным. Исследование показало, что самое сильное токсическое воздействие на процессы обмена в теле прудовиков имеют растворы хронических летальных концентраций ионов кадмия.В статье приведены результаты исследований по изучению влияния ионов кадмия (остролетальные концентрации – 5-0,5 мг / дм3; хронические летальные – 5.10-2-5.10-3 мг / дм3; выдерживаемые – 5.10-4-5.10-5 мг / дм3; подпороговые концентрации – 5.10-6 мг / дм3 иниже) на этологические, морфологические и физиологические показатели прудовика озерного. На основе многолетних исследований изучено выживание особей в токсичной среде в зависимости от концентрации иона металла и продолжительности его воздействия. В результате изучения биологических особенностей по совокупности основных токсикологических показателей для L. stagnalis, подверженных действию ионов кадмия водной среды, установлено, что этот металл является сильнотоксичным. Исследование показало, что самое сильное токсическое воздействие на процессы обмена в теле прудовиков имеют растворы хронических летальных концентраций ионов кадмия.The article presents the results of research on the influence of cadmium ions (acute concentrations – 5-0,5 mg / dm3; chronically lethal – 5.10-2-5.10-3 mg / dm3; sustained – 5.10-4-5.10-5 mg / dm3; subliminal concentrations – 5.10-6 mg / dm3 and below) on the ethological, morphological and physiological parameters of lake pond. Based on many years of research, the survival of individuals in a toxic environment has been studied, depending on the concentration of the metal ion and the duration of its exposure. As a result of the study of biological peculiarities in the set of basic toxicological indices for L. stagnalis, exposed to cadmium ions of the aqueous medium, it was established that this metal is highly toxic. The study showed that the strongest toxic effects on the metabolic processes in the body of the pond have been the solutions of chronic lethal concentrations of cadmium ions.Heavy metals present in natural waters belong to a group of trace elements, which are characterized by high physiological activity in micro and ultramicrodoses. The specific biological significance of cadmium as a trace element has not been established. However, due to its chemical properties, this metal has a cumulative effect on aquatic organisms, which can replace zinc in many vital enzymatic reactions, leading to their breakage or inhibition. Cadmium is among the very poisonous substances, it can reduce reproduction and delay the development of embryos in animals. In populations, there are mechanisms that determine their density. These include, in particular, the size and age structure and survival of individuals. In the age-old specimens, the pond lobster, as well as mollusks from the same masonry, placed in the solution of heavy metal ions, usually exhibits significant variability in growth rates, size and body weight. It is known that growth processes are quite sensitive to the slightest changes in any ecological factor, therefore the size and weight characteristics of animals placed in a poisonous environment are among the parameters that characterize the organism's response to hydro-organisms to change the quality of water. Recently, the number of studies in which the effect on hydrobionts of nown lethal concentrations is studied is growing. In this case, the main attention of researchers is aimed at studying acute poisoninghydrobionts, and for him the main criterion is the level of survival. However, there are still very few works in which the toxic effects of small concentrations of heavy metals are evaluated for their prolonged action, that is, in conditions close to those existing in contaminated natural waters. Although, knowing the ability of heavy metals to cumulation, attention should be paid to the survival of animals for the long-term exposure of the toxin, because this parameter determines the effectiveness of the reproduction of molluscs. Given that in the scientific literature there is only a discrete data on the influence of various concentrations of cadmium ions on the body of molluscs, we evaluated the influence of this toxicant on theethological, morphological and some physiological parameters of lacustrine pond. The research is relevant in view of the fact that without this nformation one can not do without the prospect of biotesting of environmental monitoring of waters

The Methodology of Professional Competencies Formation for The Specialists in Environmental Monitoring on the Basis of Synergistic Pedagogics

The issues of professional training for future environmental engineers training are considered in the article. The methodical bases of teaching environmental monitoring have been developed and substantiated for the application in the learning process through the implementation of inter-disciplinary approach. The basic components of training future environmental engineers have been defined and analysis of the formation of professional system-modeling competencies in environ-mental monitoring have been conducted

Ecological Aspects of the Comparative Study of Cornus mas L. Genotypes According to Morphological Characteristics of the Fruits, the Content of Functional Groups of Biochemical Substances and Suitability for Healthy Food Production

The relevance of the research lies in constant desire to increase the possibilities of using dogwood, in the system of fruit horticulture. The methodological basis for conducting research include the method of carruing out an examination of suitability of fruit and berry group varieties for spreading in Ukraine, the method of assessing the quality of fruit and berry products and the state standards of Ukraine for determining the quality of fruits. The original data on the morphology plants and biochemical properties of the fruits of different dogwood varieties selected by Ukrainian scientists have been presented. Attention has been focussed on the content of dry soluble substances, sugars, pectin substances, organic acids, polyphenolic substances as a source of antioxidants. It has been found that the content of dry soluble substances in the fruits of the Stoyan form is at the level of the Olena and Radist varieties, about 18.5%. The Hrafskyi dogwood fruits are characterized by a low content of titrated acids, which results in a balanced taste considering the sugar-acid index (SAI, 5.5). The Hrafskyi form is distinguished by the increased content of pectin substances in the fruits. It has been studied that the form of Stoyan (F-32-5-18) contains the highest amount of polyphenolic substances (944 mg/100 g), while Vydubytskyi contains 274, Vyshgorodskyi – 327, Radist – 375 mg/100 g. The content of polyphenolic substances in the fruits of the Hrafskyi form is 483 mg/100 g, which is almost on a par with the Volodymyrskyi and Lukyanivskyi varieties. The Stoyan and Hrafskyi forms have the highest content of flavonoids - 107.5±4.4 and 102.5±2.0 mg/100 g. It has been found that the fruits of the Hrafskyi form have an above average content of anthocyanins (52.83±1.92 mg/100 g), compared to other varieties. The originality of the study lies in the fact that the knowledge about the morphological characteristics of plants and the biochemical characteristics of the common dogwood fruits, developed by Ukrainian scientists, was expanded. Based on the research results, the best varieties were selected, the fruits of which are suitable for developing technologies for the production of blended syrups for a healthy diet

The Methodology of Professional Competencies Formation for The Specialists in Environmental Monitoring on the Basis of Synergistic Pedagogics

The issues of professional training for future environmental engineers training are considered in the article. The methodical bases of teaching environmental monitoring have been developed and substantiated for the application in the learning process through the implementation of inter-disciplinary approach. The basic components of training future environmental engineers have been defined and analysis of the formation of professional system-modeling competencies in environ-mental monitoring have been conducted