Fusarium mycotoxins in Lithuanian cereals from the 2004-2005 harvests

Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (ZEN) contamination in 5 kinds of cereal grain harvested in 2004 and 2005 in different regions of Lithuania was examined for their occurrence frequency and level. In all cereal species DON was the most frequently detected mycotoxin with an incidence rate of 98.0 - 100% and range in positive samples from traces to 691 μg kg-1 in 2004 and 62.5-94.0%, range from traces to 1,121 μg kg-1 in 2005, respectively. All the tested oat samples collected in 2004-2005 were found to be contaminated with the T-2 toxin. In one sample from the year 2004 the level of T-2 toxin (121.5 μg kg-1) exceeded the allowable level. In 2004, ZEN contamination was more frequent in spring wheat, barley and oats grain, whereas in 2005 this toxin was identifi ed at higher levels only in barley grain (68.0%). In one barley grain sample from 2004, ZEN content (193.4 μg kg-1) exceeded the allowable level. Variation in the relative air-humidity exerted some effect on the incidence of Fusarium spp. fungi and mycotoxin content in wheat grain. The weather conditions at harvesting contributed to an increase in the contents of Fusarium fungi and DON and ZEN mycotoxins produced by them in winter wheat grain. This risk factor increases the threat to human and animal health

Characterization of the Soil Prokaryotic Community With Respect to Time and Fertilization With Animal Waste–Based Digestate in a Humid Continental Climate

There is a renewed global awareness to improve soil health through the intensification and management of organic inputs such as the application of animal waste–based digestate and other types of organic fertilizers to the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different types of animal waste–based digestate application on soil prokaryotic diversity and composition in an agricultural cropping system over a period of 3 years, cultivated with three different annual cereal crops (spring wheat, triticale, and barley). Treatments were laid out in a randomized design with five conditions (three replicates per condition): fertilizer treatments included three different types of digestate (pig manure, chicken manure, and cow manure digestates), synthetic mineral nitrogen, and unfertilized control. Prokaryotic soil communities were characterized by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The three most abundant phyla identified were Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Proteobacteria, which accounted for over 55% of the total prokaryotic community. Other phylogenetic groups such as Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidetes were also identified as part of the native soil microbiota. It was observed that the period of digestate application did not significantly influence the prokaryotic diversity in the soil. On the contrary, sampling time was a major factor in driving β-diversity. A correlation with soil pH was also observed for several taxonomic groups, indicating its importance in shaping prokaryotic community composition. Our study showed that the richness and diversity of the soil prokaryotic community were not affected by digestate application, while other factors such as the yearly crop varieties and seasonal/climate changes were the major contributors to differentiating the prokaryotic community composition over time