Diagnostic Dilemma of Cytology in Salivary Gland Neoplasm: Case Report of a Rare Diagnosis with Brief Review of Literature

Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma (Ca ex PA) is a rare malignancy accounting for 3.6% of all salivary gland neoplasms. Malignant component of Ca ex PA is most often adenocarcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). Myoepithelial carcinoma is a rare subtype of Ca ex PA. We present a case of myoepithelial Ca ex PA, firstly, due to its low prevelance and secondly, due to the frequent diagnostic conundrum it poses to the clinicians and pathologists

ANTI-CHIKUNGUNYA ACTIVITY OF GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING CARICA PAPAYA LEAVES IN ANIMAL CELL CULTURE MODEL: Anti-chikungunya activity of AgNPs by using Carica papaya leaves

Objective: The aim of the present study is to synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of Carica papaya L. leaves and evaluation of their anti- Chikungunya activity in vitro. Methods: The AgNPs were prepared using C. papaya leaves extract in 1:4 ratio. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity of plant NP and 50% tissue culture infective dose of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) were determined before antiviral assay by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. After that, the maximum non-toxic dose (MNTD) and ½MNTD were calculated. The absorbance values were detected using a microplate reader at 595 nm. Median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) dose was calculated using the Reed and Muench method. In vitro antiviral activity was performed to CHIKV using NP MNTD, ½MNTD, and calculated TCID50 dose of CHIKV. Results: The MNTD and ½MNTD of C. papaya AgNPs were found to be 125 and 62.5 μg/ml, respectively. The MNTD and ½MNTD brought about 39% and 52% of CHIKV inhibition, respectively, when compared to virus control. The infected cell viability increased (14%) when treated with plant AgNPs at ½MNTD. Conclusion: There are no antiviral agents available to treat CHIKV. The medicinal plants and their metabolites are the most important source for the invention and development of new drugs against many types of disease. In view of the rapid expansion of CHIKV at the global level, there is an urgent need to develop newer anti-Chikungunya drugs with unique drugs target

<i>N</i>-Acetylcysteine Reverses Monocrotophos Exposure-Induced Hepatic Oxidative Damage via Mitigating Apoptosis, Inflammation and Structural Changes in Rats

Oxidative stress-mediated tissue damage is primarily involved in hepatic injuries and dysfunctioning. Natural antioxidants have been shown to exert hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. The present study evaluated the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against monocrotophos (MCP) exposure-induced toxicity in the rat liver. Albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) NAC-treated, (3) MCP-exposure, (4) NAC and MCP-coexposure group. The dose of MCP (0.9 mg/kg b.wt) and NAC (200 mg/kg b.wt) were administered orally for 28 days. Exposure to MCP caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and decreased glutathione content along with the depletion of antioxidant enzyme activities. Further MCP exposure increased pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and upregulated Bax and Caspase-3 expressions. MCP exposure also caused an array of structural alternations in liver tissue, as depicted by the histological and electron microscopic analysis. Thepretreatment of NAC improved glutathione content, restored antioxidant enzyme activities, prevented oxidation of lipids and proteins, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and normalized apoptotic protein expression. Treatment of NAC also prevented histological and ultrastructural alternations. Thus, the study represents the therapeutic efficacy and antioxidant potential of NAC against MCP exposure in the rat liver