New determination of ST⟨N∣q‾DμDνq∣N⟩\mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \langle N| \overline{q} D_{\mu} D_{\nu} q |N \rangle based on recent experimental constraints

The symmetric and traceless part of the matrix element $\mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \langle N| \overline{q} D_{\mu} D_{\nu} q |N \rangle$ can be determined from the second moment of the twist-3 parton distribution function $e(x)$. Recently, novel experimental data on $e(x)$ have become available, which enables us to evaluate the magnitude of the above matrix element with considerably reduced systematic uncertainties. Based on the new experimental data, we show that $\mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \langle N| \overline{q} D_{\mu} D_{\nu} q |N \rangle$ is likely to be at least an order of magnitude smaller than what previous model-based estimates have so far suggested. We discuss the consequences of this observation for the analysis of deep inelastic scattering and QCD sum rules studies at finite density for the vector meson and the nucleon, in which this matrix element is being used as an input parameter.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables; published versio

Side-View Operando Optical Microscopy Analysis of a Graphite Anode to Study Its Kinetic Hysteresis

Operando analyses have provided several breakthroughs in the construction of high-performance materials and devices, including energy storage systems. However, despite the advances in electrode engineering, the formidable issues of lithium intercalation and deintercalation kinetics cannot be investigated by using planar observations. This study concerns side-view operando observation by optical microscopy of a graphite anode based on its color changes during electrochemical lithiation. Since the graphite color varies according to the optical energy gap during lithiation and delithiation, this technique can be used to study the corresponding charge-discharge kinetics. In addition, the cell configuration uses liquid electrolytes similar to commercial cells, allowing practical application. Furthermore, this side-view observation has shown that microscale spatial variations in rate and composition control the insertion and deinsertion, revealing the kinetics throughout the whole electrode. The results of this study could enhance the fundamental understanding of the kinetics of battery materials