Pembuatan Biokomposit Menggunakan Jamur Pelapuk Putih Auricularia auricula dan Lentinus squarrosulus serta Bahan Lignoselulosik Serbuk Gergaji Kayu dan Tatal Kayu

Abstract Biocomposite is a composite material that uses natural materials that contain lignocellulose. The manufacture of composite boards by utilizing agricultural waste will get added value, namely reducing the impact on the environment. Biocomposites that utilize the mycelium of white rot fungi, namely Auricularia auricula and Lentinus squarrosulus as binders and lignocellulosic materials such as sawdust and wood chips which contain the main components of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin which are good for fungal growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the type of white rot fungus with lignocellulosic material composition and to determine the optimal type of fungus and lignocellulosic material on the manufacture of biocomposites. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design with 10 treatments with 3 replications, the treatment was carried out on lignocellulosic materials in the form of sawdust and wood chips with a composition (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). The research variables consisted of independent variables in the form of white rot fungi and wood species, while the variable was the quality of the resulting biocomposite material. The parameters measured in this study were the main parameters, namely fungal mycelium growth, composite density, composite air content, composite thickness expansion, modulus of elasticity and modulus of fracture of the composite. The supporting parameters are composite biodegradability. The results showed that the types of fungi and lignocelluloic materials had an effect on the manufacture of composite boards. The best fungus used in the manufacture of biocomposites is L. squarrosulus and the best lignocellulosic material used is a mixture of the two lignocelluloic materials that is 25% sawdust + 75% wood chips. Keywords: biocomposite,  lignocellulosic material, white rot fungus    Abstrak Komposit dengan memanfaatkan limbah pertanian akan mendapatkan nilai tambah yaitu mengurangi dampak buruk bagi lingkungan. Biokomposit yang memanfaatkan miselium jamur pelapuk putih, yaitu Jamur Auricularia auricula dan Lentinus squarrosulus sebagai pengikat serta bahan lignoselulosa seperti serbuk gergaji kayu dan tatal kayu yang mengandung  komponen utama selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin yang baik untuk pertumbuhan jamur. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis jamur pelapuk putih dengan komposisi bahan lignoselulosa dan mengetahui jenis jamur dan bahan lignoselulosik yang optimal terhadap pembuatan biokomposit. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental, dengan rancangan acak lengkap 10 perlakuan dengan 3 kali ulangan, perlakuan dilakukan pada bahan lignoselulosa berupa serbuk kayu dan tatal kayu dengan komposisi (25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100%). Variabel penelitian terdiri atas variabel bebas berupa jenis jamur pelapuk putih dan jenis kayu, sedangkan variabel terikat yaitu kualitas material biokomposit yang dihasilkan. Parameter yang diukur dalam penelitian ini ialah parameter utama yaitu pertumbuhan miselium jamur, kerapatan komposit, kadar air komposit, pengembangan tebal komposit, modulus elastisitas dan modulus patah komposit. Parameter pendukungnya berupa biodegradabilitas komposit. Hasil penelitian didapatkan jenis jamur dan bahan lignoselulosik berpengaruh terhadap kualitas biokomposit yang dihasilkan. Jamur yang paling baik digunakan dalam pembuatan biokomposit yaitu jamur L. squarrosulus dan bahan lignoselulosik yang paling baik digunakan yaitu 25% Serbuk kayu + 75% Tatal kayu. Kata kunci : bahan lignoselulosa, biokomposit, jamur pelapuk puti

Dekolorisasi Limbah Batik Menggunakan Jamur Aspergillus sp. 3 Teramobil Bentonit pada Waktu Inkubasi Berbeda

Industri batik menghasilkan air limbah dengan kandungan zat warna yang tinggi. Salah satu usaha industri batik yang berkembang baik, terdapat di Sokaraja Banyumas. Metode yang potensial untuk pengolahan limbah batik yaitu dengan memanfaatkan jamur indigenous. Aspergillus sp. 3 dapat digunakan untuk dekolorisasi limbah batik Indigosol Blue. Dekolorisasi limbah batik dapat menggunakan teknik amobilisasi atau perlekatan pada substrat. Bentonit merupakan jenis mineral lempung yang memiliki potensi sebagai support material amobilisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan jamur Aspergillus sp. 3 yang teramobil bentonit dengan lama waktu inkubasi berbeda terhadap dekolorisasi limbah batik, dan mengetahui waktu lama inkubasi yang efektif pada penggunaan jamur Aspergillus sp. 3 yang teramobil bentonit terhadap dekolorisasi limbah batik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan waktu inkubasi 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 jam. Variabel bebas yaitu waktu inkubasi, sedangkan variabel terikat yaitu kemampuan jamur Aspergillus sp. 3 yang teramobil bentonit dalam dekolorisasi limbah batik. Parameter utama berupa persentase dekolorisasi limbah batik IB, sedangkan parameter pendukung adalah pH, suhu, TDS, dan pemakaian berulang pelet miselium teramobil bentonit. Data persentase dekolorisasi dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam pada tingkat kesalahan 5% dilanjutkan uji Beda Nyata Lanjut dengan tingkat kesalahan 5%. Waktu inkubasi 6 jam merupakan waktu yang efektif bagi Aspergillus sp. 3 teramobil bentonit untuk mendekolorisasi limbah batik IB sebesar 97,43%, pH berkisar 5,40-7,30, suhu berkisar 30-31 ºC, persentase TDS berkisar 14,63-40,31, dan pemakaian berulang pelet miselium teramobil bentonit sampai 3X.The batik industry produces wastewater with a high dye content. One of the well-developed batik industry businesses is in Sokaraja Banyumas. A potential method for processing batik waste is by utilizing indigenous mushrooms. Aspergillus sp. 3 can be used for decolorization of Indigosol Blue batik waste. Decolorization of batik waste can use immobilization techniques or attachment to the substrate. Bentonite is a type of clay mineral that has the potential as a support material for immobilization. This study aims to determine the ability of the fungus Aspergillus sp. 3 which was immobilized by bentonite with different incubation times for the decolorization of batik waste, and to find out the effective incubation time for the use of Aspergillus sp. 3 which is immobilized by bentonite against the decolorization of batik waste.This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experimental method with incubation times of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 hours. The independent variable is incubation time, while the dependent variable is the ability of the fungus Aspergillus sp. 3 which is immobilized by bentonite in the decolorization of batik waste. The main parameter is the percentage of decolorization of IB batik waste, while the supporting parameters are pH, temperature, TDS, and repeated use of bentonite immobilized mycelium pellets. The percentage of decolorization data was analyzed using analysis of variance at an error rate of 5% followed by the Advanced Significant Difference test with an error rate of 5%. Incubation time of 6 hours is an effective time for Aspergillus sp. 3 immobilized bentonite for decolorizing batik IB waste was 97.43%, pH ranged from 5.40-7.30, temperature ranged from 30-31 C, TDS percentage ranged from 14.63-40.31, and repeated use of immobilized bentonite mycelium pellets up to 3X

The decolorization effect by Aspergillus sp. 3 on Goldfish opercular beats

Batik effluent had high toxicity to aquatic organisms. Dye decolorization is a process used to reduce color density. Fungi which used for decolorization was Aspergillus sp 3. This study aimed to investigate the ability of fungi on decolorization of 3 kinds of batik effluents (Indigosol Green dye, Indigosol Purple dye, and Naphtol Black dye) and to investigate the ability of fungi on reducing TDS level. The study was also investigated the initial toxicity of batik effluents to Goldfish (Cyprinus carpio). Decolorization was measured by spectrophotometry, the pH value was measured by pH meter, and the TDS value was measured by TDS meter. In addition, the decolorized batik effluent was tested for toxic effect on C. carpio by total opercular beats. Decolorization assay showed that Aspergillus sp. 3 had the ability to decolorized only 2 kinds of batik effluents. The decolorization percentage of Indigosol Purple was 60.015% and Naphtol Black was 56.679%. The pH after treatment decreased from 8.5–9 to 5.3–6. The range of pH value of Indigosol Green, Indigosol Purple, and Naphtol Black 5.3–6. Besides that, Aspergillus sp. 3 also had the ability to reduce the TDS level in the effluent. The TDS level on Indigosol Green, Indigosol Purple, and Naphtol Black as 4,965%, 25,307%, and 15,129%, respectively. Initial toxicity assay of effluent to C. carpio showed that there was a difference of total opercular beats, which exposed by decolorized and before decolorized batik effluent. The total opercular beats of C. carpio on decolorized batik effluents showed high value than before decolorized batik effluents. It can be concluded that Aspergillus sp. 3 had the ability to decolorize and decreasing the initial toxicity of Indigosol Purple batik effluents on C. carpio

APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI BIOREAKTOR BERBASIS FUNGI GUNA PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH CAIR BATIK DI UMK BATIK SOKARAJA

Produksi industri batik yang semakin meningkat dikawasan Kampung Batik Kauman Kecamatan Sokaraja Kabupaten Banyumas semakin banyak memberikan pengaruh positif bagi kesejahteraan masyarakat, namun disisi lain menimbulkan dampak negatif pada lingkungan. Sebagian besar Industri batik batik di kawasan ini dibuang langsung ke lingkungan tanpa pengolahan terlebih dahulu. Sejumlah besar usaha  batik Usaha Mikro Kecil (UMK) dikawasan ini belum memiliki sistem pengelolaan limbah cair,  Kecamatan Sokaraja, Kabupaten Banyumas. Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan aplikasi teknologi pengelolaan limbah cair yang telah terverifikasi sistemnya. Bioreaktor berbasis fungi merupakan salah salah satu skema pengelolaan limbah cair batik yang dapat digunakan untuk penanganan limbah batik.  Sasaran pengabdian ini adalah para pemilik usaha batik di wilayah tersebut. Metode yang digunakan melibatkan kegiatan penyuluhan, evaluasi, dan rancang bangun. Penyuluhan ini melibatkan uji coba alat pengolah limbah batik berbasis fungi serta pendekatan edukatif kepada masyarakat. Tujuan dari program PPM Berbasis Riset ini adalah memberikan pengetahuan kepada pelaku industry batik Banyumas dalam penguasaan teknologi pengelolaan limbah menggunakan Bioreaktor berbasis fungi.   Metode yang digunakan dalam program ini adalah pendampingan teknologi, yang melibatkan transfer pengetahuan dan keterampilan kepada masyarakat dalam menggunakan alat pengolah limbah batik berbasis fungi.  Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa pendampingan teknologi ini efektif dalam meningkatkan pemahaman dan keterampilan masyarakat dalam mengelola limbah batik secara ramah lingkungan. Para pemilik usaha batik berhasil mengadopsi teknologi alat pengolah limbah batik berbasis fungi dan menerapkan praktik-praktik pengelolaan limbah yang berkelanjutan. Dengan demikian, program pendampingan teknologi ini memberikan dampak positif tidak hanya pada lingkungan sekitar, tetapi juga pada keberlanjutan industri batik di Kampung Batik. Pendekatan pendampingan teknologi dalam pengelolaan limbah batik ini menjadi contoh model yang berhasil dalam memberdayakan masyarakat lokal, meningkatkan keterampilan teknis mereka, serta mengurangi dampak negatif limbah batik terhadap lingkungan. Program ini membuktikan bahwa dengan pendekatan yang tepat dan partisipasi aktif masyarakat, pengelolaan limbah batik yang berkelanjutan dapat dicapai melalui pendampingan teknologi yang efektif dan berkesinambungan

KONTRIBUSI KOORDINASI TERHADAP PENEMUAN SUSPEK TUBERKULOSIS PARU DI KABUPATEN MADIUN

Background: This research aims to analyze the contributionof coordination to find tuberculosis (TB) suspects in MadiunRegency.Method: This is observational study, unit of analysis is PublicHealth Center (PHC). Number of sample was 9 PHC where arespondent of this research is Polindes Midwives, Nurse Pustu,BP Personels and TB Coordinator.Result: Spearman correlation test results showed there iscontribution between knowledge contribution about the coordinationand the type of coordination to communication andsupervision. There is a contribution on the role of supervisorycontrol to supervision, communication and work procedures.There is a coordination mechanisms contribution (supervision,communication and working procedures) to the coverage ofthe findings TB suspected.Conclusion: Coordination contributes to finding of TB suspects.Keywords: contribution, coordination, coverage of findingsTB suspec

A Position Analysis of BPJS Claims Administration Officers and Verifiers (Case Study: Jambi Province Regional Mental Hospital)

The high coverage rate of handling partially rejected claim financing reaching 7.34% of the total 19,476 cases in the Outpatient Unit of the Jambi Provincial Mental Hospital (RSJD) in 2022, is closely related to the quality of human resources (HR) in this case, the claims officer and the suitability of what is done with the job description, job specifications and standard operating procedures (SOP) that have been made. This study aimed to analyze the position of administrative officers and claim verifiers in the outpatient unit of the Jambi Provincial Mental Hospital. This research used a qualitative method. Information was collected through in-depth interviews with eight informants, observation, and document review. Test validity by triangulating sources, techniques, and data. The results showed that officers already knew the claims administration and verification procedures. The claim administration SOP in this case, the RJTL claim submission SOP and the monthly reporting SOP have not been outlined in a decision letter for the coding SOP. However, it has been outlined in a decision letter but has not been adequately socialized to the officers concerned. The SOP for claim verification has not been outlined in a decision letter and still refers to the technical guidelines for claim verification issued by BPJS Health. It is still found that the delegation of tasks and the number of verification officers not following the calculation of workload and standards set are obstacles in implementing administration and verification of claims in the Jambi Province RSJD outpatient department

Biosorption chrome (Cr) and dyes using biosorbent in the modified tea bag

Biosorption has been known as a potential method in reducing heavy metals and dyes in wastewater, including chrome (Cr) and dyes contents of the wastewater from the batik industry. Straw and spent mushroom compost (SMC) are potential biosorbents due to cheap, abundant, and easily obtained. However, the effectivity of the biosorbents is not only depended upon the type of material but also their surface area. In this study, a modified tea bag was used to increase the surface area of the straw and spent mushroom compost to absorb Cr and dyes from the batik industry wastewater. The optimum of biosorbent ratio and pH in Cr absorption and dyes decolorization was measured. This experiment was conducted using Spilt Plot Design. The results showed that the highest Cr absorption was found at 0,0050 mg/g, and the percentage of decolorization was 68,92% in the biosorbent ratio of 3:1 and pH 5. Biosorbent packed in the tea bags modification was effective removes Cr and dyes in the batik industry wastewater

Optimasi Dosis Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (FMA) pada Tanah Lahan Bekas Tambang Batubara terhadap Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays)

Pertambangan batubara di Indonesia umumnya dilakukan dengan sistem tambang terbuka sehingga menyebabkan pertumbuhan tanaman kurang optimal. Salah satu strategi untuk mengatasi hal tersebut adalah dengan penggunaan Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (FMA).  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian inokulum FMA terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman jagung dan mengetahui dosis optimum FMA terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman jagung dengan media tanam tanah bekas lahan tambang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yaitu 4 dosis FMA (0, 100, 150, 200 g) pada medium tanah bekas tambang batubara dengan 3 kali ulangan. Variabel bebas yang digunakan yaitu dosis FMA dan variabel terikat yaitu kemampuan FMA dalam menginfeksi akar. Parameter utama yang diamati yaitu derajat infeksi akar, parameter pendukung yaitu bobot kering tanaman, jumlah daun dan tinggi tanaman jagung. Data dianalisa menggunakan uji Analisis Ragam (ANOVA) dengan standar kesalahan 5% dan dilanjutkan Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan dosis FMA pada tanah lahan bekas tambang batubara memberikan pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman jagung umur 42 hari setelah tanam (HST). FMA memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman jagung. Dosis 100 g/polybag merupakan dosis efektif meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman jagung pada tanah bekas tambang batubara. Dosis 200 g/polybag memberikan hasil terbaik terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun dan bobot kering tanaman jagung.Coal mining in Indonesia generally carried out with an open system that has an impact on environmental damage. One strategy to control these problems by using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). This study aimed to determine the effect of AMF inoculum on the growth of maize plants and to determine the optimum dose of AMF on maize plant growth using ex-mining soil as a planting medium.This research used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 doses of AMF (0, 100, 150, 200 g) by using ex-coal mined soil medium which consisted of  three repetition. The independent variable was the dose of AMF and the dependent variable was the ability of AMF to infect roots. The main parameter observed was the degree of root infection, while the supporting parameters were plant dry weight, number of leaves and height of corn plants. Data were analyzed using Variance Analysis (ANOVA) test with a standard error of 5% and tested with Honestly Significant Different (HSD). The results showed that the AMF dose treatment on the ex-coal mined land had an effect on the growth of corn plants at 42 days after planting. AMF has a positive effect on the growth of corn plants. The dose of 100 g/polybag is an effective dose to increase the growth of corn plants on ex-coal mining soil. The dose of 200 g/polybag gave the best results on plant height, number of leaves and dry weight of corn plants

Optimasi Pertumbuhan Miselium Jamur Trametes sp. pada Media Membran Dekolorisasi Dengan Komposisi Bahan Organik yang Berbeda

White rot fungus species such as Trametes sp. have been known to  able to decolorize azo dyes, heterocyclics, and reactive or polymeric compounds through the degradation of ligninolytic enzymes. Decolorization membrane is a medium that used as a means to reduce waste, one of which is batik waste. The decolorization membrane is made in a certain form by functioning as a growth medium for fungal mycelium which is used as an alternative in bioreactors. The main ingredient for making decolorizing membranes is sawdust. Other materials needed are supplements such as lime (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4), and water. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD), with 5 treatments and each with 5 replications. The results showed that differences in the composition of the organic matter media affected the growth of the mycelium of the fungus Trametes sp. Differences in the composition of each treatment showed significant results. Further test data showed that the composition of P3 was the optimum membrane medium for the mycelium growth of the fungus Trametes sp. with a composition of 65% sawdust, 15% rice bran, 5% lime, 5% gypsum, and the addition of 10% milled corn. The results also show that the nutrients contained in the media can affect the growth of mycelium. The addition of the composition has a good effect on the growth of the mycelium as long as the composition is calculated correctly.Spesies jamur pelapuk putih seperti Trametes sp. telah diketahui mampu mendekolorisasi pewarna azo, heterosiklik dan senyawa reaktif atau polimerik melalui degradasi enzim lignolitik. Membran dekolorisasi merupakan media yang digunakan sebagai sarana untuk mengurangi limbah salah satunya limbah batik. Membran dekolorisasi dibuat dalam suatu bentuk tertentu dengan memfungsikannya sebagai media pertumbuhan miselium jamur yang digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam bioreaktor. Bahan utama pembuatan membran dekolorisasi adalah serbuk kayu. Bahan lain yang diperlukan adalah suplemen seperti kapur (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4), dan air. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), dengan 5 perlakuan dan masing-masing dengan 5 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan komposisi media bahan organik mempengaruhi pertumbuhan miselium jamur Trametes sp. Perbedaan komposisi pada masing-masing perlakuan menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan. Data uji lanjut memperlihatkan bahwa komposisi P3 merupakan media membran yang optimum untuk pertumbuhan miselium jamur Trametes sp. dengan komposisi serbuk gergaji 65%, bekatul 15%, kapur 5%, gypsum 5%, dan penambahan jagung giling 10%. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa nutrisi yang terdapat didalam media dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan miselium. Penambahan komposisi mempunyai pengaruh yang baik terhadap pertumbuhan miselium sepanjang komposisi berapa pada kalkulasi yang tepat