Laser modulation at the atomic level monthly report no. 7, 1-31 jan. 1965

Laser modulation at atomic level - yttrium- aluminum garnet emission and laser emission shift with homogeneous pulsed magnetic fiel

Laser modulation at the atomic level monthly report no. 8, 1 - 28 feb. 1965

Measurement of temperature dependence of energy levels involved in laser emissio

Zeno and Anti Zeno effect for a two level system in a squeezed bath

We discuss the appearance of Zeno (QZE) or anti-Zeno (QAE) effect in an exponentially decaying system. We consider the quantum dynamics of a continuously monitored two level system interacting with a squeezed bath. We find that the behavior of the system depends critically on the way in which the squeezed bath is prepared. For specific choices of the squeezing phase the system shows Zeno or anti-Zeno effect in conditions for which it would decay exponentially if no measurements were done. This result allows for a clear interpretation in terms of the equivalent spin system interacting with a fictitious magnetic field.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures;added references for section 4;changes in the nomenclatur

Optimization of the transmission of observable expectation values and observable statistics in Continuous Variable Teleportation

We analyze the statistics of observables in continuous variable quantum teleportation in the formalism of the characteristic function. We derive expressions for average values of output state observables in particular cumulants which are additive in terms of the input state and the resource of teleportation. Working with Squeezed Bell-like states, which may be optimized in a free parameter for better teleportation performance we discuss the relation between resources optimal for fidelity and for different observable averages. We obtain the values of the free parameter which optimize the central momenta and cumulants up to fourth order. For the cumulants the distortion between in and out states due to teleportation depends only on the resource. We obtain optimal parameters for the second and fourth order cumulants which do not depend on the squeezing of the resource. The second order central momenta which is equal to the second order cumulants and the photon number average are optimized by the same resource. We show that the optimal fidelity resource, found in reference (Phys. Rev. A {\bf 76}, 022301 (2007)) to depend also on the characteristics of input, tends for high squeezing to the resource which optimizes the second order momenta. A similar behavior is obtained for the resource which optimizes the photon statistics which is treated here using the sum of the squared differences in photon probabilities of input and output states as the distortion measure. This is interpreted to mean that the distortions associated to second order momenta dominates the behavior of the output state for large squeezing of the resource. Optimal fidelity and optimal photon statistics resources are compared and is shown that for mixtures of Fock states they are equivalent.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figure

Husimi's Q(α)Q(\alpha) function and quantum interference in phase space

We discuss a phase space description of the photon number distribution of non classical states which is based on Husimi's $Q(\alpha)$ function and does not rely in the WKB approximation. We illustrate this approach using the examples of displaced number states and two photon coherent states and show it to provide an efficient method for computing and interpreting the photon number distribution . This result is interesting in particular for the two photon coherent states which, for high squeezing, have the probabilities of even and odd photon numbers oscillating independently.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, typos correcte

On the Squeezed Number States and their Phase Space Representations

We compute the photon number distribution, the Q distribution function and the wave functions in the momentum and position representation for a single mode squeezed number state using generating functions which allow to obtain any matrix element in the squeezed number state representation from the matrix elements in the squeezed coherent state representation. For highly squeezed number states we discuss the previously unnoted oscillations which appear in the Q function. We also note that these oscillations can be related to the photon-number distribution oscillations and to the momentum representation of the wave function.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figure

Sleep characteristics modify the association between genetic predisposition to obesity and anthropometric measurements in 119,679 UK Biobank participants

Background - Obesity is a multifactorial condition influenced by genetics, lifestyle and environment. Objective - To investigate whether the association between a validated genetic profile risk score for obesity (GPRS-obesity) with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) was modified by sleep characteristics. Design - This study included cross-sectional data from 119,859 white European adults, aged 37-73 years, participating on the UK Biobank. Interactions between GPRS-obesity, and sleep characteristics (sleep duration, chronotype, day napping, and shift work) in their effects on BMI and WC were investigated. Results - The GPRS-obesity was associated with BMI (β:0.57 kg.m-2 per standard deviation (SD) increase in GPRS, [95%CI:0.55, 0.60]; P=6.3x10-207) and WC (β:1.21 cm, [1.15, 1.28]; P=4.2x10-289). There were significant interactions between GPRS-obesity and a variety of sleep characteristics in their relationship with BMI (P-interaction <0.05). In participants who slept <7 hrs or >9 hrs daily, the effect of GPRS-obesity on BMI was stronger (β:0.60 [0.54, 0.65] and 0.73 [0.49, 0.97] kg.m-2 per SD increase in GPRS, respectively) than in normal length sleepers (7-9 hours; β:0.52 [0.49, 0.55] kg.m-2 per SD). A similar pattern was observed for shiftworkers (β:0.68 [0.59, 0.77] versus 0.54 [0.51, 0.58] kg.m-2 for non-shiftworkers) and for night-shiftworkers (β:0.69 [0.56, 0.82] versus 0.55 [0.51, 0.58] kg.m-2 for non-night- shiftworkers), for those taking naps during the day (β:0.65 [0.52, 0.78] versus 0.51 [0.48, 0.55] kg.m-2 for those who never/rarely had naps) and for those with a self-reported evening chronotype (β:0.72 [0.61, 0.82] versus β:0.52 [0.47, 0.57] kg.m-2 for morning chronotype). Similar findings were obtained using WC as the outcome. Conclusions – This study shows that the association between genetic risk for obesity and phenotypic adiposity measures is exacerbated by adverse sleeping characteristics

Climatic Shocks and Internal Migration : Evidence from 442 Million Personal Records in 64 Countries

This paper examines whether and how climatic shocks influence individual migration decisions. The authors use census microdata across 64 countries over the period 1960 to 2012, covering 442 million individual records, combined with geo-referenced temperature and precipitation data summarized for each origin and destination administrative unit. Migration is identified when an individual changed a place of usual residence one, five, or ten years ago to a new major administrative unit in the same country. Given an exceptionally large number of observations, the authors apply a two-step approach to analyze the relationship between exposure to climatic shocks and migration. First, the authors use random forest models to uncover that in many countries climatic shocks are as important as better-known individual-level covariates in determining migration decisions. This observation serves as a yardstick for the second step of the analysis. For a subset of countries, where rainfall shocks play an important role in migration, the authors compare internal migration patterns across time by examining whether a region experiencing positive or negative rainfall shocks observed higher or lower migration. The authors find that negative rainfall shocks suppress outmigration particularly for low-income countries. The opposite is true for positive rainfall shocks whereby migration is found to increase, especially for lower-income countries. The finding supports the liquidity constraint argument whereby adverse climatic conditions can disrupt migration financing and consequently suppress ability to migrate

Hidden Diversity—A New Speciose Gall Midge Genus (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Associated with Succulent Aizoaceae in South Africa

Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales) constitute one of the major floral components of the unique Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR), with more than 1700 species and 70% endemism. Within succulent Aizoaceae, the subfamily Ruschioideae is the most speciose and rapidly diversifying clade, offering potential niches for the diversification of specialized herbivorous insects. Nevertheless, insect diversity on these plants has not been studied to date, and knowledge of gall-inducing insects in the Afrotropics is generally scarce. Our recent observations indicate that succulent Aizoaceae in the GCFR support a rich and largely unstudied community of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Here, we provide a first report of their diversity with a description of a new genus, Ruschiola Dorchin, and ten new species, based on morphological and molecular analyses of material collected during a three-year targeted survey across major GCFR vegetation types. A high degree of morphological uniformity in Ruschiola suggests recent diversification and necessitated the use of molecular data and laboratory rearing from host plants to verify species boundaries and host ranges

CONSTRUÇÃO SOCIAL DAS ESCOLHAS E DESTINOS ESCOLARES: MULHERES NEGRAS DA LICENCIATURA EM QUÍMICA DO IFRJ-CDUC

Taking into consideration the complexity of the teaching training trajectory and the possibilities it brings in the construction of subjectivities and the identity of teachers, the present work analyse the profile of black students and graduates of the Degree in Chemistry of the Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro - campus Duque de Caxias. Therefore, an articulation between Pierre Bourdieu's concepts with other studies in the area and some black authors, for instance Silvio Almeida, is proposed to problematize the insertion of black women and the mechanisms mobilized for this. The analysis is based on data obtained from the application of twenty-eight semi-structured online questionnaires and fifteen individual interviews, also online. From the results, it became possible to identify the participants’ profile and the structural racism regarding the construction of the course choice by the participants, according to what they consider as achievable due to their social origin. At the same time, it is evident throughout the study that many of the women are the first generations of their families to access higher education, which also influences the later ones. Throughout the work, several mechanisms and social conditions are observed to become determinant for the choices and insertions of black women in the academic field.Considerando a complexidade da trajetória formativa docente e as possibilidades que esta traz na construção das subjetividades e da identidade dos professores, o presente trabalho buscou analisar o perfil de alunas e egressas negras do curso de Licenciatura em Química do Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro – campus Duque de Caxias. Por lo tanto, se propone una articulación entre los conceptos de Pierre Bourdieu con estudios en el área y algunos autores negros, como Silvio Almeida, para problematizar la inserción de las mujeres negras y los dispositivos movilizados para ello. El análisis se basa en datos obtenidos de la aplicación de veintiocho cuestionarios online semiestructurados y quince entrevistas individuales, también online. A partir de los resultados, fue posible verificar el perfil de los participantes e identificar el racismo estructural en cuanto a la construcción de la elección del curso por parte de los participantes, muy orientados por lo que es más realizable considerando su origen social. Al mismo tiempo, se evidencia a lo largo del estudio que muchos son las primeras generaciones de sus familias en acceder a la educación superior, lo que también influye en las generaciones posteriores. A lo largo del trabajo, se observan varios mecanismos y condiciones sociales que se vuelven determinantes para las elecciones e inserciones de las mujeres negras en el campo académico.Considerando a complexidade da trajetória formativa docente e as possibilidades que esta traz na construção das subjetividades e da identidade dos professores, o presente trabalho buscou analisar o perfil de alunas e egressas negras do curso de Licenciatura em Química do Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro – campus Duque de Caxias. Portanto, uma articulação entre os conceitos de Pierre Bourdieu com estudos da área e alguns autores negros, como Silvio Almeida, é proposta para problematizar a inserção feminina negra e os dispositivos mobilizados para tal. A análise é realizada a partir dos dados obtidos na aplicação de vinte e oito questionários semiestruturados online e realização de quinze entrevistas individuais, também online. A partir dos resultados, tornou-se possível verificar o perfil das participantes e identificar o racismo estrutural no que tange a construção da escolha do curso pelas participantes, muito pautada por aquilo que é mais realizável considerando sua origem social. Ao mesmo tempo, evidencia-se ao longo do estudo que muitas são as primeiras gerações de suas famílias a acessarem o ensino superior, o que traz também uma influência para as gerações posteriores. Ao longo do trabalho observa-se diversos mecanismos e condições sociais que se tornam determinante para as escolhas e inserções das mulheres negras no campo acadêmico