A (nova) questão social e as estratégias

Este artigo trata da nova questão social e das políticas de bem-estar pluralistas. Para tal, compreende dois momentos. No primeiro, contextualiza-se a emergência da questão social, gerada pelas grandes transformações sociais, políticas e econômicas produzidas pela revolução industrial, bem como a origem de um novo tipo de regulação, com base no direito do cidadão e no dever do Estado - o Estado de Bem-Estar. No segundo, busca-se problematizar a crise/reestruturação do Estado de Bem-Estar, num período marcado por grave crise econômica e acentuada crítica de setores conservadores

La protección social en América Latina y la particularidad de la asistencia social

El articulo tiene como objetivo analizar la particularidad de la asistencia social, en el contexto de la protección social en América Latina y los desafíos por la ampliación de los derechos sociales, teniendo en cuenta la predominancia de políticas focalizadas, donde ocupan destaque los Programas de Transferencia Condicionada (PTC), en contraposición a las políticas universales, que cada vez más tiene su acceso restringido y mercantilizado. Destacan se las orientaciones de los organismos internacionales basadas en la individualización de las responsabilidades con el bienestar, por medio del incentivo al desarrollo de las capacidades humanas, del espíritu emprendedor, de la activación para el trabajo. De titular al derecho a responsable y deudor por la asistencia recibida, se va ampliando la moralización de los ciudadanos

Monitoramento da adesão ao tratamento com lítio

BACKGROUND: Lithium has been used as the treatment of choice for bipolar disorder. It is efficient in reducing depressive and maniac episodes and has an anti-suicidal effect. However, the effectiveness of lithium is decreased by low compliance to treatment, influenced by patient's characteristics and the pharmacological properties of lithium. OBJECTIVE: To review some of the clinical pharmacological aspects of lithium and its importance for the therapeutic monitoring of lithium, through concentration measurements and through translated to Portuguese self-report scales of non-compliance to lithium treatment. METHOD: Relevant basic and clinical scientific literature available in English and in Portuguese were searched in PUBMED and SCIELO with the words "lithium", "monitoring", "compliance" OR "adherence". RESULTS: Lithium is a drug with very low therapeutic index and difficult individual pharmacokinetic properties, leading to the necessity of intensive therapeutic monitoring, through lithium measurements in serum and in red blood cells. The rates of compliance to lithium prescription by Brazilian bipolar patients who attend outpatient treatment are between 60 and 85%, being higher than those of patients not receiving psychoeducational programs (compliance around 46%). The non-compliant patients present lower knowledge about lithium and their disorder and more negative attitudes toward the use of medication, besides the fear of side-effects. CONCLUSION: Biological monitoring helps in treatment adherence, through the improvement of therapeutic individualization and lithium dose adjustments, besides being helpful in the detection of drugs interactions.CONTEXTO: O lítio é utilizado como medicamento de escolha para o tratamento dos transtornos de humor bipolar. Mostra-se eficaz em reduzir as crises maníacas e depressivas do transtorno do humor bipolar, além de exercer efeito anti-suicida. No entanto, a efetividade do lítio é comprometida pela baixa adesão ao tratamento, por sua vez influenciada por características dos pacientes e pelas características farmacológicas do lítio, que dificultam seu uso. OBJETIVO: Revisar alguns aspectos farmacológicos clínicos do lítio e sua importância para a monitorização terapêutica do lítio, por meio de dosagens e de escalas de auto-relato em português para avaliar a falta de adesão ao lítio. MÉTODO: Foi realizada revisão da literatura básica e clínica sobre lítio disponível em artigos científicos em língua inglesa e portuguesa acessados pelo PUBMED e SCIELO, usando as palavras "lítio", "monitoramento", "cooperação" OU "adesão". RESULTADOS: O lítio é um fármaco de muito baixo índice terapêutico e farmacocinética muito individual, fato que justifica a necessidade de monitorização terapêutica intensiva, por meio de determinação da concentração sérica e hemática. As taxas de adesão ao lítio em pacientes brasileiros que freqüentam os ambulatórios específicos para transtornos bipolares estão entre 60 e 85%, sendo mais elevadas que a de pacientes tratados sem acompanhamento psicoeducativo (adesão em torno de 46%). Os pacientes não aderentes apresentavam um menor nível de conhecimento sobre o lítio e sobre a doença, e mais atitudes negativas dos pacientes ao uso de medicamentos, além de receio dos efeitos adversos. CONCLUSÃO: A monitorização laboratorial e por escalas auxilia na adesão ao tratamento, por auxiliar na individualização terapêutica e ajuste de doses de lítio, além de detectar as interações medicamentosas e as atitudes dos pacientes em relação a sua doença e tratamentos

Validation of the Portuguese version of the Lithium Attitudes Questionnaire (LAQ) in bipolar patients treated with lithium: cross-over study

BACKGROUND: Poor adherence to lithium is very common in bipolar patients and it is a frequent cause of recurrence during prophylactic treatment. Several reports suggest that attitudes of bipolar patients interfere with adherence to lithium. The Lithium Attitudes Questionnaire (LAQ) is a brief questionnaire developed as a means of identifying and grouping the problems patients commonly have with taking lithium regularly. The original version is validated in patients, but a validated version in Portuguese is not yet available. METHODS: One-hundred six patients with bipolar disorder (DSM-IV criteria) criteria under lithium treatment for at least one month were assessed using LAQ. LAQ is a brief questionnaire administered under interview conditions, which includes 19 items rating attitudes towards prophylactic lithium treatment. We analysed the internal consistency, concurrent validity, sensitivity and specificity of the Portuguese version of LAQ. RESULTS: The internal consistency, evaluated by Cronbach's alpha was 0.78. The mean total LAQ score was 4.1. Concurrent validity was confirmed by a negative correlation between plasma lithium concentration and total LAQ score (r = -0,198; p = 0.048). We analysed the scale's discriminative capacity revealing a sensitivity of 69% and a specificity of 71% in the identification of negative attitudes of bipolar patients. CONCLUSION: The psychometric assessment of the Portuguese version of LAQ showed good internal consistency, sensitivity and specificity. The results were similar to the original version in relation to attitudes of bipolar patients towards lithium therapy

Adaptation and validation of the Portuguese version of the Lithium Knowledge Test (LKT) of bipolar patients treated with lithium: cross-over study

OBJECTIVE: Adherence problems are a common feature among bipolar patients. A recent study showed that lithium knowledge was the main difference between adherent and non adherents bipolar patients. The Lithium Knowledge Test (LKT), a brief questionnaire, was developed as a means of identifying aspects of patients' practical and pharmacological knowledge which are important if therapy is to be safe and effective. The original English version is validated in psychiatric population, but a validated Portuguese one is not yet available. METHODS: One hundred six patients selected were diagnosed with bipolar disorder (I or II) according to DSM-IV criteria and had to be on lithium treatment for at least one month. The LKT was administered on only one occasion. We analysed the internal consis tency, concurrent validity, sensitivity and specificity of the LKT for the detection of the knowledge about lithium treatment of bipolar patients. RESULTS: The internal consistency, evaluated by Cronbach's alpha was 0.596. The mean of total score LKT by bipolar patients was 9.0 (SD: 0.75) for men and 8.74 (SD: 0.44) for women. Concurrent validity based on plasma lithium concentration showed a significant correlation between the total LKT score and plasma lithium (r = 0,232; p = 0.020). The sensitivity was 84% and specificity was 81%. CONCLUSION: LKT is a rapid, reliable instrument which appears to be as effective as a lengthier standard interview with a lithium clinic doctor, and which has a high level of acceptability to lithium patients. We found that the psychometric assessment of the Portuguese version of LKT showed good internal consistency, sensitivity and specificity

Reduced serial dependence suggests deficits in synaptic potentiation in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and schizophrenia

A mechanistic understanding of core cognitive processes, such as working memory, is crucial to addressing psychiatric symptoms in brain disorders. We propose a combined psychophysical and biophysical account of two symptomatologically related diseases, both linked to hypofunctional NMDARs: schizophrenia and autoimmune anti-NMDAR encephalitis. We first quantified shared working memory alterations in a delayed-response task. In both patient groups, we report a markedly reduced influence of previous stimuli on working memory contents, despite preserved memory precision. We then simulated this finding with NMDAR-dependent synaptic alterations in a microcircuit model of prefrontal cortex. Changes in cortical excitation destabilized within-trial memory maintenance and could not account for disrupted serial dependence in working memory. Rather, a quantitative fit between data and simulations supports alterations of an NMDAR-dependent memory mechanism operating on longer timescales, such as short-term potentiation

Reply to: New Meta- and Mega-analyses of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Schizophrenia: Do They Really Increase Our Knowledge About the Nature of the Disease Process?

This work was supported by National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Grant No. U54EB020403 (to the ENIGMA consortium)