A nuclear phylogenomic study of the angiosperm order Myrtales, exploring the potential and limitations of the universal Angiosperms353 probe set

Premise: To further advance the understanding of the species-rich, economically and ecologically important angiosperm order Myrtales in the rosid clade, comprising nine families, approximately 400 genera and almost 14,000 species occurring on all continents (except Antarctica), we tested the Angiosperms353 probe kit. Methods: We combined high-throughput sequencing and target enrichment with the Angiosperms353 probe kit to evaluate a sample of 485 species across 305 genera (76 of all genera in the order). Results: Results provide the most comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for the order to date. Relationships at all ranks, such as the relationship of the early-diverging families, often reflect previous studies, but gene conflict is evident, and relationships previously found to be uncertain often remain so. Technical considerations for processing HTS data are also discussed. Conclusions: High-throughput sequencing and the Angiosperms353 probe kit are powerful tools for phylogenomic analysis, but better understanding of the genetic data available is required to identify genes and gene trees that account for likely incomplete lineage sorting and/or hybridization events

Aspects Of The Reproductive Biology Of Syrigma Sibilatrix (ardeidae, Aves) [aspectos Da Biologia Reprodutiva De Syrigma Sibilatrix (ardeidae, Aves)]

A nest (12.7 m height) of Syrigma sibilatrix was studied on the campus of UNESP Rio Claro (São Paulo, Brazil). The nest was in a fork in the tree Machaerium nyctitans (Leguminosae). Focal observations (n = 103 h) were carried out from 13 September 2004 to 1 November 2004. The male and female both participated in nest building, which took 37 days, mainly between 05:00h - 11:00h. Sticks for the nest were collected at the rate of 5.7 ± 3.4 sticks hour-1, most by the male. The nest included 197 sticks, and was a fl at platform with diameter = 75cm, and depth = 14 cm. A single egg was laid and was incubated (by both sexes) for 66h57 (92% of the time of permanence of the individuals in the nest). The egg was moved 97 times (1.34 times/hour). A strong storm caused the egg to fall, interrupting the study.142161163Belton, W., (2003) Aves do Rio Grande do Sul: Distribuiç ão e biologia, , São Leopoldo: UNISINOSde la Peña, M.R., Notas nidologicas sobre garzas (Aves: Ardeidae) (1980) Hist. Nat, 1, pp. 161-168de la Peña, M.R., (1996) Ciclo reproductivo de las aves argentinas, , Buenos Aires: Literature of Latin Americadel Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. e J. Sargatal (eds) (1992) Handbook of the birds of the world. v. 1. Ostrichs to ducks. Barcelona: Lynx EdicionsDeveley, P.F., Endrigo, E., (2004) Aves da grande, , São Paulo. São Paulo: Aves e Fotos EditoraDi Giacomo, A.G., Nidifi cación del chifl ón (Syrigma sibilatrix) en Salto, Buenos Aires, Argentina. (1988) El Hornero, 13, pp. 1-7Hancock, J., (1999) Herons and egrets of the world, , San Diego: Academic PressKahl, M.P., Some observations on the behavior of Whistling Herons (1971) Wilson Bulletin, 83, pp. 302-303Reinert, B.L., Bornschein, M.R., Belmonte-Lopes, R., Conhecendo aves silvestres brasileiras (2004) Cornélio Procópio: Grupo Ecológico Vida Verde de Cornélio ProcópioSchubart, O., Aguirre, A.C., Sick, H., Contribuição para o conhecimento da alimentação das aves brasileiras. (1965) Arquivos de Zoologia, 12, pp. 95-249Sick, H., (1997) Ornitologia brasileira, , Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteir