Male Use of Female Sex Work in India: A Nationally Representative Behavioural Survey

Heterosexual transmission of HIV in India is driven by the male use of female sex workers (FSW), but few studies have examined the factors associated with using FSW. This nationally representative study examined the prevalence and correlates of FSW use among 31,040 men aged 15–49 years in India in 2006. Nationally, about 4% of men used FSW in the previous year, representing about 8.5 million FSW clients. Unmarried men were far more likely than married men to use FSW overall (PR = 8.0), but less likely than married men to use FSW among those reporting at least one non-regular partner (PR = 0.8). More than half of all FSW clients were married. FSW use was higher among men in the high-HIV states than in the low-HIV states (PR = 2.7), and half of all FSW clients lived in the high-HIV states. The risk of FSW use rose sharply with increasing number of non-regular partners in the past year. Given the large number of men using FSW, interventions for the much smaller number of FSW remains the most efficient strategy for curbing heterosexual HIV transmission in India

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Ethical aspects of euthanasia

In the context with scientific knowledge and technical possibilities of modern medicine are rising many ethical, legal, social, psychological, economic, and specifically medical problems, also problems in therapeutic and nursing care for terminally ill and dying patients. Process of dying is moved from intimate family environment into professional institutions - clinics, departments and other health and social facilities. People are for years divided into two camps - some are strongly opposed to euthanasia and others on the other hand believe that in some conditions when the pain is unbearable even after a strong dose of morphine, suffering person becomes only a helpless „victim of medicine“

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Not AvailableNoThe present investigation was carried out to asses the incidence of bakanae disease in Odisha, characterization of the isolates and its management with fungicides. The disease incidence ranging from 1-25.50 percent ondifferent rice varieties was recorded in five districts mainly, Cuttack, Sambalpur, Bargarh, Ganjam and Jajpur.These regions were identified as new hot spots for the disease. The disease was observed to a significant extentin most of the commercially growing varieties with maximum disease incidence on Pooja (19.0 % and 24.5%respectively for two seasons). A significant variation was observed among the isolates with respect to cultural,morphological characters and degree of pathogenicity. All the ten isolates were grouped into highly virulentgroup. The amplification of tef-1alpha gene generated approx 700 bp bands. In phylogenetic analysis, based ontef-1alpha gene region, overall two major groups were formed. The F.fujikuroi isolates FJ1 (Kisannagar), FJ2(Khurda), FJ3 (Tangi-Chodwar) and FJ9 ( Chandikole) belonged to same group whereas FJ4 ( Cuttack), FJ5( Jajpur), FJ6 ( Kisannagar-2), FJ7 ( Sambalpur), FJ8 ( Bargarh) and FJ10 (Ganjam) are in a separate groupwith other world isolates. Among the ten systemic fungicides tested, all found effective with 100 percent reductionin mycelial growth. All the three tested Trichoderma spp. were found effective under in vitro with completeinhibition and lyses of the pathogen mycelium. Seed treatment with Carbendazim 50 % WP @1 g/kg of seedsfound effective with maximum germination, vigor index and disease reduction.t AvailableNot Availabl

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Describes about emerging disease, Bakanae in eastern IndiaThe present investigation was carried out to asses the incidence of bakanae disease in Odisha, characterization of the isolates and its management with fungicides. The disease incidence ranging from 1-25.50 percent on different rice varieties was recorded in five districts mainly, Cuttack, Sambalpur, Bargarh, Ganjam and Jajpur. These regions were identified as new hot spots for the disease. The disease was observed to a significant extent in most of the commercially growing varieties with maximum disease incidence on Pooja (19.0 % and 24.5% respectively for two seasons). A significant variation was observed among the isolates with respect to cultural, morphological characters and degree of pathogenicity. All the ten isolates were grouped into highly virulent group. The amplification of tef-1alpha gene generated approx 700 bp bands. In phylogenetic analysis, based on tef-1alpha gene region, overall two major groups were formed. The F.fujikuroi isolates FJ1 (Kisannagar), FJ2 (Khurda), FJ3 (Tangi-Chodwar) and FJ9 ( Chandikole) belonged to same group whereas FJ4 ( Cuttack), FJ5 ( Jajpur), FJ6 ( Kisannagar-2), FJ7 ( Sambalpur), FJ8 ( Bargarh) and FJ10 (Ganjam) are in a separate group with other world isolates. Among the ten systemic fungicides tested, all found effective with 100 percent reduction in mycelial growth. All the three tested Trichoderma spp. were found effective under in vitro with complete inhibition and lyses of the pathogen mycelium. Seed treatment with Carbendazim 50 % WP @1 g/kg of seeds found effective with maximum germination, vigor index and disease reduction.Not Availabl