Urotensin II stimulates plasma extravasation in mice via UT receptor activation

The peptide urotensin II (U-II) is the cognate ligand of the G-protein coupled receptor UT (formerly GPR14). A role in the regulation of cardiovascular functions has been proposed for this novel peptide/receptor system. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of U-II to induce plasma extravasation in mice and attempted to characterize the receptor involved using the novel UT receptor ligand, [Orn(8)]U-II. The Evans blue technique was used to quantify plasma extravasation. U-II (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 nmol/kg) dose-dependently stimulated plasma extravasation in airways, gastrointestinal and urogenital tract tissues from mice, but not in the skin. In most tissues, the dose/response curves to U-II were bell shaped with the maximal effect induced by 1 nmol/kg. [Orn(8)]U-II at 30 nmol/kg was per se either inactive or produced a non-significant increase in plasma extravasation; in the presence of 30 nmol/kg [Orn(8)]U-II, the effects of 1 nmol/kg U-II were always reduced and, in some tissues, abolished. The present findings demonstrate that U-II promotes plasma extravasation in various mouse vascular regions via activation of UT receptors. The mouse plasma extravasation assay will be a useful tool in future studies aimed at characterizing the pharmacological features of novel UT receptor ligands in vivo

Structure-activity relationship study on human urotensin II

The vasoactive cyclic undecapeptide urotensin-II (U-II) has been identified as an endogenous ligand for the G-protein coupled receptor now referred to as the UT receptor. The U-II/UT receptor system might be relevant for cardiovascular functions. A structure-activity study of human U-II investigating 31 peptides in the rat aorta bioassay is reported. Ala- and D-scan investigations indicated that the sequence Phe6-Trp7-Lys8-Tyr9 is essential for biological activity and that Lys8 and Tyr9 are particularly important. These two residues were substituted with a series of coded and non-coded amino acids. These studies demonstrated that the positive charge of the primary aliphatic amine at position 8 and its relative spatial orientation is crucial for both receptor occupation and activation, while the only chemical requirement at position 9 is the presence of an aromatic moiety. Moreover, this study led to the identification of UT receptor partial agonists (compounds 23 and 24) which can be used as chemical templates for further investigations aimed at the identification of selective antagonists

Screening young athletes for diseases at risk of sudden cardiac death: role of stress testing for ventricular arrhythmias

The athletic preparticipation evaluation (PPE) protocol proposed by the European Society of Cardiology includes history, physical examination and resting electrocardiogram (ECG). The aim of this study was to assess the results of adding constant-load ECG stress testing (EST) to the protocol for the evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) inducibility

Urantide mimics urotensin-II induced calcium release in cells expressing recombinant UT receptors

Urotensin-II is the natural ligand of the UT receptor. This novel system is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions. Recently, a urotensin-II analog ([Pen5,DTrp7,Orn8]urotensin-II(4-11)) named urantide, has been proposed as a selective and potent UT receptor antagonist. In order to pharmacologically characterize this new compound, urantide was tested on the native UT receptors of the rat aorta and on the human recombinant receptors expressed in CHO cells (CHOhUT). Indeed, urantide behaves as a competitive, potent (pA2 8.24), and pure antagonist in the rat aorta bioassay, while as an agonist (pEC50 8.11) in a calcium mobilization assay performed in CHOhUT cells. Urantide should be considered a low efficacy partial agonist

In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of the novel UT receptor ligand [Pen(5),DTrp(7),Dab(8)]urotensin II(4–11) (UFP-803)

1. The novel urotensin-II (U-II) receptor (UT) ligand, [Pen(5),DTrp(7),Dab(8)]U-II(4–11) (UFP-803), was pharmacologically evaluated and compared with urantide in in vitro and in vivo assays. 2. In the rat isolated aorta, UFP-803 was inactive alone but, concentration dependently, displaced the contractile response to U-II to the right, revealing a competitive type of antagonism and a pA(2) value of 7.46. 3. In the FLIPR [Ca(2+)](i) assay, performed at room temperature in HEK293(hUT) and HEK293(rUT) cells, U-II increased [Ca(2+)](i) with pEC(50) values of 8.11 and 8.48. Urantide and UFP-803 were inactive as agonists, but antagonized the actions of U-II by reducing, in a concentration-dependent manner, the agonist maximal effects with apparent pK(B) values in the range of 8.45–9.05. In a separate series of experiments performed at 37°C using a cuvette-based [Ca(2+)](i) assay and CHO(hUT) cells, urantide mimicked the [Ca(2+)](i) stimulatory effect of U-II with an intrinsic activity (α) of 0.80, while UFP-803 displayed a small (α=0.21) but consistent residual agonist activity. When the same experiments were repeated at 22°C (a temperature similar to that in FLIPR experiments), urantide displayed a very small intrinsic activity (α=0.11) and UFP-803 was completely inactive as an agonist. 4. In vivo in mice, UFP-803 (10 nmol kg(−1)) antagonized U-II (1 nmol kg(−1))-induced increase in plasma extravasation in various vascular beds, while being inactive alone. 5. In conclusion, UFP-803 is a potent UT receptor ligand which displays competitive/noncompetitive antagonist behavior depending on the assay. While UFP-803 is less potent than urantide, it displayed reduced residual agonist activity and as such may be a useful pharmacological tool