Derivatization of phytochelatins from Silene vulgaris, induced upon exposure to arsenate and cadmium: Comparison of derivatization with Ellman's reagent and monobromobimane.

Phytochelatins (PCs) are a family of thiol-rich peptides, with the general structure (γ-Glu-Cys)(n)-Gly, with n = 2-11, induced in plants upon exposure to excessive amounts of heavy metals and some metalloids, such as arsenic. Two types of PC analyses are currently used, i.e., acid extraction and separation on HPLC with either precolumn derivatization (pH 8.2) with monobromobimane (mBBr) or postcolumn derivatization (pH 7.8) with Ellman's reagent [5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), DTNB]. Although both methods were satisfactory for analysis of Cd-induced PCs, formation of (RS

Phytochelatin and cadmium accumulation in wheat.

Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential heavy metal that can be harmful at low concentrations in organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to decrease Cd accumulation in the grains of wheats aimed for human consumption. In response to Cd, higher plants synthesize sulphur-rich peptides, phytochelatins (PCs). PC-heavy metal complexes have been reported to accumulate in the vacuole. Retention of Cd in the root cell vacuoles might influence the symplastic radial Cd transport to the xylem and further transport to the shoot, resulting in genotypic differences in grain Cd accumulation. We have studied PC accumulation in 12-day-old seedlings of two cultivars of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), and two spring durum wheat cultivars (Triticum turgidum var. durum) with different degrees of Cd accumulation in the grains. Shoots and roots were analysed for dry weight, Cd and PC accumulation. There were no significant differences between the species or the varieties in the growth response to Cd, nor in the distributions of PC chain lengths or PC isoforms. At 1 μM external Cd, durum wheat had a higher total Cd uptake than bread wheat, however, the shoot-to-root Cd concentration ratio was higher in bread wheat. When comparing varieties within a species, the high grain Cd accumulators exhibited lower rates of root Cd accumulation, shoot Cd accumulation, and root PC accumulation, but higher shoot-to-root Cd concentration ratios. Intraspecific variation in grain Cd accumulation is apparently not only explained by differential Cd accumulation as such, but rather by a differential plant-internal Cd allocation pattern. However, the higher average grain Cd accumulation in the durum wheats, as compared to the bread wheats, is associated with a higher total Cd accumulation in the plant, rather than with differential plant-internal Cd allocation. The root-internal PC chain length distributions and PC-thiol-to-Cd molar ratios did not significantly differ between species or varieties, suggesting that differential grain Cd accumulation is not due to differential PC-based Cd sequestration in the roots. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Derivatization of phytochelatins from Silene vulgaris, induced upon exposure to arsenic and cadmium: Comparison of derivatization with Ellman's reagent and monobromobimane.

Phytochelatins (PCs) are a family of thiol-rich peptides, with the general structure (γ-Glu-Cys)(n)-Gly, with n = 2-11, induced in plants upon exposure to excessive amounts of heavy metals and some metalloids, such as arsenic. Two types of PC analyses are currently used, i.e., acid extraction and separation on HPLC with either precolumn derivatization (pH 8.2) with monobromobimane (mBBr) or postcolumn derivatization (pH 7.8) with Ellman's reagent [5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), DTNB]. Although both methods were satisfactory for analysis of Cd-induced PCs, formation of (RS

Quantitative Relationship between Phytochelatin Accumulation and Growth Inhibition during Prolonged Exposure to Cadmium in Silene vulgaris.

Phytochelatins (PCs) are known to detoxify heavy metals in plants. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of using PCs as a biomarker for chronic Cd toxicity in Silene vulgaris. For this purpose, the effects of Cd on growth rate, related to plant weight, and the PC concentrations were recorded throughout the bigger part of the vegetative phase. The lowest concentrations of Cd used, 1 and 2 μM, inhibited plant growth rates by 30 and 50%, respectively, independent of the weight of the exposed plants. Above an exposure concentration of 2 μM Cd, the toxic effect increased with plant weight. At 3.5 μM Cd, the plant growth rates were inhibited up to 90%. Further increases of the exposure concentration did not produce additional inhibition. Root PC concentrations correlated with growth inhibition only at the lower Cd concentrations, i.e. up to 2 μM Cd. Above this concentration the correlation was lost