''The White Life for two'': The Defence of Marriage and Sexual Morality in Canada, 1890-1914

The two decades immediately preceding World War I witnessed a growing concern regarding social and sexual morality in Canada. This paper examines one aspect of that concern, marriage breakdown. Worried that the family as an institution was becoming unstable and that marriage, the basic bond of every family, was being undermined by increasingly lewd and improper behaviour, reformers acted to defend marriage and to enforce a rigid standard of sexual morality. This defensive reaction was particularly concentrated in the reformers' use of the state: laws were tightened or expanded, new statutes enacted or rejected, all to protect marriage. The result was an active reform movement which fits into the broader social purity movement in Canada and was related to the various child-centred reform movements, all of which aimed at strengthening and stabilizing the family. Il y eut au Canada, au cours des deux décennies précédant immédiatement la Première Guerre mondiale, un souci grandissant des questions de morale sociale et de morale sexuelle, en particulier. Parmi les problèmes envisagés figurait la rupture d’unions matrimoniales, question qui fait l’objet du présent article. Irrités de voir l’instabilité menacer l’institution familiale, et des comportements jugés de plus en plus inconvenants ou impudiques miner le mariage, fondement de la famille, des réformateurs ont pris des mesures visant la sauvegarde du mariage et l’observance d’un rigoureux code d’éthique sexuelle. Cette réaction de défense se manifesta plus spécialement par un recours à l’État: la législation a été resserrée et son champ d’application étendu; de nouvelles lois ont été mises en vigueur; d’autres sont restées à l’état de projet, tout cela en vue d’assurer la protection de l’institution du mariage. Ce vif mouvement de réforme s’inscrit d’ailleurs dans un plus vaste courant visant à restaurer l’intégrité sociale au Canada. Il est également relié aux divers mouvements de réforme centrés sur l’enfant, et dont l’objectif commun était de renforcer et de stabiliser la famille

Maintenance Agreements for the Elderly: Canada, 1900-1951

Maintenance agreements were a traditional mechanism by which the elderly gained economic security for themselves and ensured the continuing viability of the family economy. Over the later decades of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century in Canada, variations to this traditional process developed. The wage-labour opportunities available to young adults altered their dependence on family property, that itself was often changing incharacter. Reduced dependence loweredthe elderly parents' obligation to use the property to sustain the family over succeeding generations, even allowing the elderly to disperse or alienate the property. New forms of property could also be employed to somewhat altered purposes — the property no longer had to sustain an entire family culture and way of life, but simply to maintain its owners. Thus, an age-old custom was adapted by the elderly to meet their needs in circumstances of fundamental economic and social change.Les pensions alimentaires et les donations entre vifs ont longtemps assuré une certaine sécurité économique aux personnes âgées; plus généralement, ces pratiques garantissaient la viabilité de F économie familiale. Le Canada du tournant de la fin du XIXe siècle et de le première moitié du XXe siècle a vu se développer plusieurs variations sur ce modèle traditionnel. Avec l'expansion des possibilités de travail salarié, la dépendance des jeunes adultes vis-à-vis du patrimoine familial diminua et la nature de la propriété familiale s'en trouva souvent modifiée. En effet, la réduction de cette dépendance entraîna à son tour une diminution de. l'obligation qu'avaient les parents âgés d'utiliser leur patrimoine pour assurer la continuité de la famille d'une génération à l'autre, en permettant à certains d'entre-eux de disperser leur bien voire même de l'aliéner. Ainsi dégagé de son rôle traditionnel de maintien d'un mode de vie et d'une culture familiale dans son entier, l'usage du patrimoine put être dirigé vers le simple entretien de ses propriétaires. C'est ainsi que les personnes âgées transformèrent une coutume séculaire pour rencontrer leurs besoins dans un contexte de changements socio-économiques fondamentaux

CERTIFICATION REPORT: The certification of the mass fractions of cadmium copper, manganese and nickel in dark chocolate: ERM BD512

This report describes the production of ERM-BD512, which is a matrix material certified for the mass fraction of cadmium, copper, manganese and nickel. This material was produced following ISO Guide 34:2009 and is certified in accordance with ISO Guide 35:2006. The CRM was produced from commercially available dark chocolate produced in Peru. About 15 kg of chocolate bars were melted, the melt was homogenised and cast into moulds to produce pellets of about 0.5 g. Between unit-homogeneity was quantified and stability during dispatch and storage were assessed in accordance with ISO Guide 35:2006 [ ]. Within-unit homogeneity was quantified to determine the minimum sample intake. The certified mass fraction of Cd was obtained by measurement, using the technique of isotope dilution ICP MS. The mass fractions of Cu, Mn and Ni were obtained by an interlaboratory comparison of laboratories of demonstrated competence and adhering to ISO/IEC 17025:2005. Technically invalid results were removed but no outliers were eliminated on statistical grounds only. Uncertainties of the certified values were calculated in accordance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and include uncertainties related to possible inhomogeneity, instability and characterisation. The material is intended for quality control and assessment of method performance. As with any reference material, it can be used for establishing control charts or validation studies. The CRM is available in packages of 6 glass vials, each containing a single pellet of about 0.5 g, which were sealed under an atmosphere of argon. The minimum amount of sample to be used is 250 mg. The CRM was accepted as European Reference Material (ERM®) after peer evaluation by the partners of the European Reference Materials consortium.JRC.F.6-Reference Material

The certification of the mass fraction of the total content of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn in Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus): ERM®-CD200

This report describes the production of ERM®-CD200, a powdered bladderwrack material (Fucus vesiculosus) certified for the mass fraction of the total content of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn. The material was produced following ISO Guide 34:2009. Approximately 60 kg of brown algae seaweed (bladderwrack, Fucus vesiculosus) was collected in Galway (Ireland) and processed at IRMM (Belgium) to produce a certified reference material (CRM) of seaweed powder. The produced vials containing the processed seaweed were carefully capped, sealed and stored for further certification studies. Between-unit homogeneity was quantified as well as stability during dispatch and storage in accordance with ISO Guide 35:2006. Within-unit homogeneity was also quantified to determine the minimum sample intake. The material was characterised by an inter-laboratory comparison among laboratories of demonstrated competence and adhering to ISO/IEC 17025. Technically invalid results were removed but no outlier was eliminated on statistical grounds only. Uncertainties of the certified values were calculated in compliance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) including uncertainty contribution related to possible heterogeneity and instability of the material as well as to the characterisation. The material is intended for the quality control and assessment of method performance. As any reference material, it can also be used for control charts or validation studies. The CRM is available in amber glass vials containing approximately 5 g of dried powder, placed in aluminized polythene sachet closed under a nitrogen atmosphere. The minimum amount of sample to be used is 200 mg. The CRM was accepted as European Reference Material (ERM®) after peer evaluation by the partners of the European Reference Materials consortium.JRC.D.2-Standards for Innovation and sustainable Developmen