The effect of the triethanolamine: glycerol deep eutectic solvent on the yield, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, and physicochemical properties of black mustard (Brassica nigraL.) seed oil

This study reports the yields, physicochemical properties, fatty acid compositions, and antioxidant activities of black mustard (Brassica nigraL.) seed oils extracted by cold pressing and the solvent extraction using different solvents (n-hexane, trichloroethylene, and a mixture of trichloroethylene and the triethanolamine:glycerol deep eutectic solvent (TEOA:G DES) with no or after pretreatment with the TEOA:G DES. Density (0.9791 +/- 0.0003-0.9851 +/- 0.0003 g/cm(3)), viscosity (121.15 +/- 1.62-123.32 +/- 0.10 mPas), boiling point (179-185 +/- 1 degrees C), refractive index (1.4692 +/- 0.0006-1.4758 +/- 0.0011), acid (2.08 +/- 0.19-3.22 +/- 0.15 mg KOH/g), iodine (99.2 +/- 1.6-105.4 +/- 1.5 g I-2/100 g), peroxide (1.68 +/- 0.01-1.82 +/- 0.03 mmol O-2/kg), and saponification values (165.1 +/- 2.7-169.4 +/- 2.3 mg KOH/g), fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of the extracted oil were determined in order to evaluate its potential use as a foodstuff, a pharmaceutical or a feedstock for biodiesel production. Although the maceration of black mustard seeds with sole trichloroethylene yielded the highest oil yield of 31.10 +/- 0.42 g/100 g, it required almost twice the volume of trichloroethylene compared to the volume applied in the macerations after the pre-treatment with the TEOA:G DES and with the mixture of trichloroethylene/TEOA:G DES. The oil extracted by the extraction in the presence of TEOA:G DES has similar physicochemical properties but better antioxidant activity than the oil extracted by cold pressing

A sixfold rise in concurrent day and night-time heatwaves in India under 2 °C warming

Heatwaves with severe impacts have increased and projected to become more frequent under warming climate in India. Concurrent day and nighttime heatwaves can exacerbate human discomfort causing high morbidity and mortality; however, their changes in the observed and projected climate remain unrecognized. Here using observations and model simulations from climate of 20th century plus (C20C+) detection and attribution (D&A) and coupled model intercomparison project 5 (CMIP5) projects, we show that 1 and 3-day concurrent hot day and hot night (CHDHN) events have significantly increased during the observed climate in India. Our results show that the anthropogenic emissions contribute considerably to the increase of 1 and 3-day CHDHN events in India. The frequency of 3-day CHDHN events is projected to increase 12-fold of the current level by the end of 21st century and 4-fold by the mid 21st century under the high emission pathway of RCP 8.5. The increase in 3-day CHDHN events can be limited to only 2-fold by the end of 21st century under low emission scenario of RCP 2.6. One and 3-day CHDHN events are projected to increase by 4, 6, and 8 folds of the current level in India under the 1.5, 2, and 3 °C warming worlds, respectively. Restricting global mean temperature below 1.5° from the pre-industrial level can substantially reduce the risk of 1 and 3-day CHDHN events and associated implications in India.by Sourav Mukherjee and Vimal Mishr