A low weight electro-hydraulic active damper to control main rotor vibrations on helicopters

Vibration control is a crucial aspect in helicopter to enhance the ride quality experienced by the crew and to increase the fatigue life of onboard instruments. This paper presents an innovative active solution to reduce vibrations, proposed by Elettronica Aster S.p.A., consisting in the substitution of the classic rigid struts supporting the gearbox/main rotor assembly with an electro-hydraulic actuator hosted within a compliant structure. This parallel design, obtained with a model-based approach, allows the actuator to reach an extremely high power density and bandwidth. The paper first introduces the layout and main characteristics, after the test bench used to perform certification tests is presented. Hence, the results of its model validation are shown. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the ability of the system to reduce vibrations by more than 10.5 dB at 25 Hz

Percutaneous electrical stimulation of lumbosacral roots in man.

High voltage percutaneous electrical stimulation over the lumbosacral spinal column was used to assess conduction in the cauda equina of 13 normal subjects. Electromyographic activity elicited by such stimulation was recorded from various muscles of the lower limbs. The stimulating cathode was placed over the spinous process of each vertebral body and the anode kept on the iliac crest contralateral to the studied limb. Shifting the cathode in a rostro-caudal direction shortened the response latency in quadriceps, tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum brevis muscles. At moderate intensities (60% maximum), this occurred abruptly when the cathode was placed at levels corresponding to the exit sites from the spinal canal of the roots innervating these muscles. At these intensities, the size of the response in each muscle was largest when the cathode was placed over the conus medullaris or at or below the exit of the motor roots from the spine. Latencies were always equal to or shorter than those obtained with F-wave measurements, suggesting that peripheral motor axons, rather than intraspinal structures were activated by the stimulus. Collision experiments demonstrated that activation occurred at two sites: near the spinal cord and at the root exit site in the vertebral foramina. Recordings made from soleus indicated that larger diameter proprioceptive afferent fibres also could be activated. This technique might have useful clinical applications in the study of both proximal and distal lesions of the cauda equina and provide a non-invasive method of localising such lesions electrophysiologically