Tumour-stromal interactions:phenotypic and genetic alterations in mammary stroma: implications for tumour progression

In addition to the well documented role of cytokines in mediating tissue-level interactions, it is now clear that matrix macromolecules fulfil a complementary regulatory function. Data highlighted in the present review extend the repertoire of matrix signalling mechanisms, (1) introducing the concept of 'matrikines', these defined as proteinase-generated fragments of matrix macromolecules that display cryptic bioactivities not manifested by the native, full-length form of the molecule, and (2) indicating that a previously identified motogenic factor (migration stimulating factor [MSF]) produced by foetal and cancer patient fibroblasts is a genetically generated truncated isoform of fibronectin, which displays bioactivities cryptic in all previously identified fibronectin isoforms. These observations are discussed in the context of the contribution of a 'foetal-like' stroma to the progression of breast cancer

The Microbiome, Probiotics, and Prebiotics

In this chapter, there will be discussion of the skin microbiome formation, composition, function, and regional topographical differences. Similarly, the gut microbiome will be reviewed, and dysbiosis at each site as well as the consequences of such dysbiosis will be entertained. Specifically, the interaction between the skin microbiome and gut microbiome will be discussed with respect to acne and rosacea. Although information to date is limited with respect to treatment options, therapeutic interventions which may work through microbial systems will be presented. Finally, ideas for future research will be put forth