Substance or behavior as links? Explaining representational judgments

This chapter follows a subjective approach for evaluating representation and examines “citizens’ feeling of being represented” by the national parliament and their representatives. The authors examine this subject in two ways. The first explanatory approach emphasizes the relevance of substantive representation. In short, the more positively citizens perceive themselves to be represented concerning their values, issue preferences or their concerns as a member of a social group, the more positively they will evaluate the institutions and actors of the representational process. The second approach focuses on the behavior of representatives. It predicts representational judgments based on perceptions of MPs’ behavior. The results show that both explanatory approaches are relevant in explaining citizens’ representational judgments, but also suggest that perceptions of substantive representation are slightly more important than perceptions of MPs’ behavior

Neutrophils as protagonists and targets in chronic inflammation

Traditionally, neutrophils have been acknowledged to be the first immune cells that are recruited to an inflamed tissue and have mainly been considered in the context of acute inflammation. By contrast, their importance during chronic inflammation has been studied in less depth. This Review aims to summarize our current understanding of the roles of neutrophils in chronic inflammation, with a focus on how they communicate with other immune and non-immune cells within tissues. We also scrutinize the roles of neutrophils in wound healing and the resolution of inflammation, and finally, we outline emerging therapeutic strategies that target neutrophils.</p