Step by step: reconstruction of terrestrial animal movement paths by dead-reckoning

Background: Research on wild animal ecology is increasingly employing GPS telemetry in order to determine animal movement. However, GPS systems record position intermittently, providing no information on latent position or track tortuosity. High frequency GPS have high power requirements, which necessitates large batteries (often effectively precluding their use on small animals) or reduced deployment duration. Dead-reckoning is an alternative approach which has the potential to ‘fill in the gaps’ between less resolute forms of telemetry without incurring the power costs. However, although this method has been used in aquatic environments, no explicit demonstration of terrestrial dead-reckoning has been presented.Results: We perform a simple validation experiment to assess the rate of error accumulation in terrestrial dead-reckoning. In addition, examples of successful implementation of dead-reckoning are given using data from the domestic dog Canus lupus, horse Equus ferus, cow Bos taurus and wild badger Meles meles.Conclusions: This study documents how terrestrial dead-reckoning can be undertaken, describing derivation of heading from tri-axial accelerometer and tri-axial magnetometer data, correction for hard and soft iron distortions on the magnetometer output, and presenting a novel correction procedure to marry dead-reckoned paths to ground-truthed positions. This study is the first explicit demonstration of terrestrial dead-reckoning, which provides a workable method of deriving the paths of animals on a step-by-step scale. The wider implications of this method for the understanding of animal movement ecology are discussed

ON SOME COLOURLESS FLAGELLATES FROM JAVA AND BRASIL

Two new monotypie genera (Kizakimonas bogoriensis and Hoehne-mastix saopaulensis) and six other new species (four in Tetramitus andtwo in Balliamonas) of colourless flagellates are described based onsamples collected in Bogor and Sao Paulo

Notes on fossil diatoms from New South Wales, Australia. I. Fossil diatoms from diatomaceous earth, Cooma, N.S.W

Volume: 62Start Page: 175End Page: 18

ON SOME COLOURLESS FLAGELLATES FROM JAVA AND BRASIL

Two new monotypie genera (Kizakimonas bogoriensis and Hoehne mastix saopaulensis) and six other new species (four in Tetramitus and two in Balliamonas) of colourless flagellates are described based on samples collected in Bogor and Sao Paulo

Notes on the Flagellata of Hongkong

Volume: 22Start Page: 187End Page: 19

On some species of Euglena Ehr. from Singapore

Volume: 22Start Page: 447End Page: 45

New genera of primitive green Flagellata from Hongkong and Sao Paulo, Brazil

Volume: 22Start Page: 455End Page: 45