Overcoming drug delivery barriers and challenges in topical therapy of atopic dermatitis: A nanotechnological perspective.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory disorder centered around loss of epidermal barrier function, and T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses. The current understanding of disease heterogeneity and complexity, limits the rational use of existing topical, systemic therapeutic agents, but paves way for development of advanced therapeutic agents. Additionally, advanced nanocarriers that deliver therapeutics to target cells, seem to offer a promising strategy, to overcome intrinsic limitations and challenges of conventional, and traditional drug delivery systems. Ever-evolving understanding of molecular target sites and complex pathophysiology, adverse effects of current therapeutic options, inefficient disease recapitulation by existing animal models are some of the challenges that we face. Also, despite limited success in market translatibility, nanocarriers have demonstrated excellent preclinical results and have been extensively studied for AD. Detailed research on behavior of nanocarriers in different patients and tailored therapy to account for phenotypic variability of the disease are the new research avenues that we look forward to

Evidence of Coronavirus (CoV) Pathogenesis and Emerging Pathogen SARS-CoV-2 in the Nervous System: A Review on Neurological Impairments and Manifestations.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an issue of global significance that has taken the lives of many across the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for its pathogenesis. The pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 have been well described in the literature. Initially, it was thought to be limited to the respiratory system; however, we now recognize that COVID-19 also affects several other organs, including the nervous system. Two similar human coronaviruses (CoV) that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) are also known to cause disease in the nervous system. The neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection are growing rapidly, as evidenced by several reports. There are several mechanisms responsible for such manifestations in the nervous system. For instance, post-infectious immune-mediated processes, direct virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), and virus-induced hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable states are commonly involved. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and its variants, dysfunction of taste and smell, and muscle injury are numerous examples of COVID-19 PNS (peripheral nervous system) disease. Likewise, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, encephalitis, meningitis, encephalopathy acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, endothelialitis, and venous sinus thrombosis are some instances of COVID-19 CNS disease. Due to multifactorial and complicated pathogenic mechanisms, COVID-19 poses a large-scale threat to the whole nervous system. A complete understanding of SARS-CoV-2 neurological impairments is still lacking, but our knowledge base is rapidly expanding. Therefore, we anticipate that this comprehensive review will provide valuable insights and facilitate the work of neuroscientists in unfolding different neurological dimensions of COVID-19 and other CoV associated abnormalities

Emerging Paradigms in Bioengineering the Lungs

In end-stage lung diseases, the shortage of donor lungs for transplantation and long waiting lists are the main culprits in the significantly increasing number of patient deaths. New strategies to curb this issue are being developed with the help of recent advancements in bioengineering technology, with the generation of lung scaffolds as a steppingstone. There are various types of lung scaffolds, namely, acellular scaffolds that are developed via decellularization and recellularization techniques, artificial scaffolds that are synthesized using synthetic, biodegradable, and low immunogenic materials, and hybrid scaffolds which combine the advantageous properties of materials in the development of a desirable lung scaffold. There have also been advances in the design of bioreactors in terms of providing an optimal regenerative environment for the maturation of functional lung tissue over time. In this review, the emerging paradigms in the field of lung tissue bioengineering will be discussed.</jats:p

Radiotherapy in covid-19: A review

The World Health Organization (WHO) stated the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) a global pandemic on 11th March 2020. The virus-infected patients suffered from a respiratory disease called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SAR-CoV-2). A proteinaceous exudate, alveolar edema, and hyperplasia associated with monocytes and lymphocytes alveolar inflammatory infiltration was observed in the affected patient’s lungs. Virus broadens a systemic inflammatory reaction with a cytokine release syndrome which is characterized with the aid of using unexpected growth in many pro-inflammatory cytokines especially IL-6, IL-1, and TNF-α through activated M1 macrophage phenotype. Virus block IL-6 with tocilizumab and the usage of respirator device appears to be very vital. Radioactivity is the process by which unstable atomic nucleus losses energy by radiation, mainly using alpha, beta, and gamma rays. SARS-CoV-2 affected lungs can be treated by a low dose of radiotherapy. It was found that minute dose chest radiation therapy can be able to wean patients off a ventilator as it can reduce inflammation inside the lungs of severely infected COVID-19 patients. Numerous such clinical trials are underway and researchers may work to cure the COVID-19 lung infections by radiotherapy