SCREENING OF LIPID PROFILE IN NON- OBESE HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN BIHAR

Background: Obesity is a significant risk factor for metabolic syndrome in adults. Central fat distribution greatly alters the lipid profile and induces atherogenic dyslipidemia even in normoglycaemic, non-hypertensive subjects. Aim and Objectives: Hence, the aim of the present study to assess lipid profile changes in non-obese hypertensive subjects. Obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia are the three highly significant risk factor for the deranged lipid profile. Obesity can be defined as excess accumulation of body fat arising from a sustained or a periodic positive energy balance that when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure [1]. Indicators of overweight are useful in the diagnosis and management of obesity in both children and adults. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on newly diagnosed cases of essential hypertension attending medical outdoor of M.G.M. Medical College, Kisanganj. A complete clinical examination including laboratory investigation was done to exclude any systemic or other diseases which are likely to affect blood lipid levels directly or indirectly. Results: The association between dyslipidaemia, obesity and hypertension is well established and all have been found to be major risk factor for the development of CAD, a leading cause of visits to physician  and cause of death . Conclusion: Our study was carry out to know the effect of obesity on lipid profile profile only in hypertensive and not in general population, and the study found some definite but paradoxical effects. These are that in obesity on a background of hypertension, the total and LDL cholesterol as also the HDL cholesterol are decreased, but on use other hand, the value of VLDL cholesterol and triglycerides are grossly and significantly increased. These finding have two major Clinical implications in that obese hypertensives will be more prone to metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and steps should be taken to prevent them accordingly and also apart from statins one should treat the obese hypertensives with fibrates, fat restriction and physical exercise also

Haemoglobinopathies- thalassaemias and abnormal haemoglobins in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and adjoining districts of neighbouring states

The haemoglobinopathies- thalassaemias and abnormal haemoglobins- constitute a major burden of genetic diseases in India. Our study, based on index cases from 120 families detected between May 1999 and May 2003, highlights the ethnic distribution of haemoglobinopathies in regions in and around Varanasi comprising 8-10 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh and adjoining districts of Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Homozygous and heterozygous β-thalassaemia was the most common (66.9%), with thalassaemic haemoglobinopathies HbE-β-thalassaemia (15.9%) and HbS-β-thalasseamia (7.8%) contributing to almost a quarter of the cases. Along with HbSS disease (4.3%), the results indicate a confluence of β-thalassaemia, HbS and HbE in this region. IVS1-5 nt was the most common mutation in the few carriers analysed for mutation detection. The significance of the study lies in the demonstration of wide prevalence of β-thalassaemia across all castes and communities of this region, with migrant population groups of Sindhis and Punjabis comprising only 5.8% of the index cases. Also, HbE seems to have a much higher presence in this region than so far believed and HbS has a significant presence in general castes as well

Sub chronic oral toxicity study of Janma Ghunti Honey in Wistar rats

The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety profile of Janma Ghunti Honey in Wistar rats on oral administration for 28 consecutive days. Animals were randomized on the basis of body weight into 6 groups. Three groups received test item (TI) at three different dose levels (3 mL/k g, 6 mL/kg and 12 mL/kg body weight). One group served as high dose satellite reversal group (12 mL/kg). One group each served as the control and satellite control group. Animals were observed for clinical signs of toxicity and mortality at least once daily. Animals from satellite groups were observed for further 14 days without treatment to evaluate delayed occurrence or reversibility of any signs/toxicity. At the end of the study, animals were studied through clinical pathology and necropsy examination. No treatment related mortality was observed in any group. Except in female low dose and female high dose satellite groups, all the treated groups exhibited weight gain and no statistically significant alterations were observed. No TI related toxicity was found on hematological investigation, blood biochemistry parameters and absolute and relative organ weights among treated groups. 'No Observed Adverse Effect Level' of TI in male and female Wistar rats was found to be above 12 mL/kg body weight

Targeted gene sanger sequencing should remain the first-tier genetic test for children suspected to have the five common X-linked inborn errors of immunity

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.To address inborn errors of immunity (IEI) which were underdiagnosed in resource-limited regions, our centre developed and offered free genetic testing for the most common IEI by Sanger sequencing (SS) since 2001. With the establishment of The Asian Primary Immunodeficiency (APID) Network in 2009, the awareness and definitive diagnosis of IEI were further improved with collaboration among centres caring for IEI patients from East and Southeast Asia. We also started to use whole exome sequencing (WES) for undiagnosed cases and further extended our collaboration with centres from South Asia and Africa. With the increased use of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), we have shifted our diagnostic practice from SS to WES. However, SS was still one of the key diagnostic tools for IEI for the past two decades. Our centre has performed 2,024 IEI SS genetic tests, with in-house protocol designed specifically for 84 genes, in 1,376 patients with 744 identified to have disease-causing mutations (54.1%). The high diagnostic rate after just one round of targeted gene SS for each of the 5 common IEI (X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) 77.4%, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) 69.2%, X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (XCGD) 59.5%, X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) 51.1%, and X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM1) 58.1%) demonstrated targeted gene SS should remain the first-tier genetic test for the 5 common X-linked IEI.The Hong Kong Society for Relief of Disabled Children and Jeffrey Modell Foundation.http://www.frontiersin.org/Immunologyam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

Effect of yoga on autonomic nervous system of the human body: case-control study

Aims: to know the effect  of yoga on autonomic nervous systemof the human body. Material and Methods: The present prospective case control study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Patna Medical College, Patna, Bihar, India fromJanuary 2019 to February 2020. The findings were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Case group (N=30): subjects who were performing regular yoga asanas and relaxation techniques for at least 5 years. Control group (N=30): age and gender matched subject who were not performing yoga asanas and relaxation techniques or were not engaged with any other type of physical exercises. Results: Amongst the sympathetic nervous system parameters, statistically significant difference existed between cases and controls for the Resting Heart Rate, Resting Diastolic Blood Pressure, Hand grip systolic blood pressure and Hand grip systolic blood pressure (p<0.05) respectively.  Conclusion: yogic activity significantly alters the sympathetic activity like heart rate and blood pressure

Evaluation of depression, anxiety and stress levels among medical students in Bihar: a questionnaire study

Background: Medical College is recognized as a stressful environment that often exerts a negative effect on the academic performance, physical health and psychological wellbeing of the student. Objective:The objective of the study was to assess the depression, anxiety and stress levels among the medical students by using DASS. Materials and Methods:This study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Patna Medical College, Patna, Bihar, India from March 2019 to January 2020, after taking the approval of the protocol review committee and institutional ethics committee. After taking informed consent detailed history was taken from the participant.They were informed about the anonymous and voluntary nature of participation in the study without any undue fear, stigma, or adverse documentation and were contacted during their free time. A previously validated and standardized survey instrument, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21), was used to collect information on depression, anxiety, and stress. Results: A total of 200 students participated in the study giving a response rate of 96%. The overall mean age of students was 20.69 (standard deviation=1.96) years. It was also found that 33.5% had a family history of chronic non-communicable disease; 11.5%further mentioned that there was a family history of chronic mental illness while 24% of students had suffered with some medical conditions such as typhoid, malaria, pneumonia, and hospitalization due to injury in the past. It was found that 50(25%), 70(35%), and 80(40%) medical students were affected by symptoms suggestive of depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. Some students were affected by >1 emotional state. It was observed on bivariate analysis that higher proportion of students with anxiety had a history of some medical condition and this was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Similarly, family history of chronic noncommunicable disorder was significantly (p<0.05) associated with stress and family history of mental illness with depression only. The correlation between depression, anxiety, and stress and it was found that they were highly correlated with each other. The correlation coefficient value between depression and anxiety was 0.70, depression and stress was 0.71, and anxiety and stress was 0.76. Conclusion: It is noted that emotional distress is common among medical students, and there is an urgent need for attention, support, and personalized counselling. Keywords: Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Medical student

Association between anthropometric parameters and dyslipidemia in obese and non-obese patients

Background: Obesity leads to dyslipidemia and predisposes to risk of atherosclerosis and premature death. Anthropometric variables when correlated with lipid profile help to screen at risk individuals who are more susceptible for developing obesity-related morbidities. Aim and Objective: This study aims to determine the association of dyslipidemia of obesity with anthropometric indices. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Patna Medical College, Patna, Bihar, India from October 2018 to August 2019.Total 200 healthy males & females with the help of self structured questionnaire were include in this study. WC was measured, in cm, midway between the lower costal margin and iliac crest during the endexpiratory phase, with a non elastic tape. Hip circumference was measured, in cm, at the level of the greater trochanters, with the person standing and relaxed muscles. Results: Mean age of obese group and non obese group was 41.5 ± 9.28 years, 39.5 ± 9.37 years respectively. Mean body weight of obese group and non obese group was 94.78 ± 5.78 kg, and 92.66 ± 6.47 kg, respectively. Mean height of obese group and non obese group was 161.7± 4.78 cm, and 158.2 ± 5.15cm, respectively. Mean BMI of obese group and non obese group was 28.21 ± 2.5kg/m2, and 23.45 ± 2.7 kg/m2, respectively. Mean WHR of obese group and non obese group was 0.96 ± 0.10 cm, and 0.79 ± 0.07 cm, respectively. All the anthropometric variables were found highest in the obese group as compared to non obese group and this difference between the groups was statistically highly significant. Conclusion: Obesity strongly correlates with dyslipidemia and altered lipid profile status. Furthermore, from this study, we can say that WHR is the most specific parameter that can be used in the clinical setup to identify within obese subjects those who are more predisposed for developing CVD and treated appropriately. Keywords: Obesity; Body Mass Index; Lipid Profile; Anthropometric indice

Association between different blood groups and blood hemoglobin levels of medical undergraduates: an analytical study

Background: Blood is a specialized connective tissue with complete and unchangeable identity. Although almost 400 blood grouping antigens have been reported, the ABO and Rh is recognized as the major clinically significant blood group antigens which are also known to vary from one population to another. This study therefore sought to study the frequency of these indices and hemoglobin concentration. Material and Methods:This cross-sectional analytical, laboratory based study for the association  of ABO blood group, Rh factor and hemoglobin concentration in MBBS students was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Patna Medical College, Patna, Bihar, India from November 2018 to October 2019, after taking the approval of the protocol review committee and institutional ethics committee. A total of 200 students aged 16-25 years, were include in this study. The ABO and Rhesus blood grouping were done using the slide method and Hemoglobin concentration was estimated by Acid Haematin method. Results: Out of 200, 80 males and 120 females between the ages 16 and 25. The highest percentage of students are of Blood group O (36%), followed by A (34%), B (22%) respectively. The percentage of student having blood group AB are only 8%. There is no significant relationship between male and female students in their blood group. p-value = 0.200 which is greater than 0.05. There was no significant difference between Rhesus positive and Rhesus negative students with ABO blood group system  p value is 0.77.This table shows that 56% female students are Rh positive and 4% female students are Rh negative. Conclusion: We conclude that individuals with blood group B are more prone to anaemia followed by blood group O, A and least is with blood group AB. Based on their blood groups, we can advice regular intake of diet rich in iron and vitamins or also their supplements to the individual who are more susceptible to anaemia.  Keywords: hemoglobin, Rhesus, ABO and Rh

Study of TLC, DLC and SpO2 of hemoglobin changes in healthy smokers & non-smokers

Background: Tobacco cigarette smoking is one of the major leading causes of death throughout the world. Smoking has both acute and chronic effect on hematological parameters. Aim: To evaluate the changes associated with the extent of adverse effects of tobacco smoking in total and differential leukocyte count and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in healthy smokers and non-smokers. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Patna Medical College, Patna, Bihar, India from May 2019 to December 2019.  Total of 200 clinically healthy volunteers of Bihar, in the age group of 20–60 years participated in the present study. Individuals with a history of smoking cigarettes/bidis daily for at least 6 months were considered as smokers. Another 100 non-smokers of the same age group were included separately in this study as a control group. TLC, DLC and other parameters were analyzed using standard methods. Results: A total of 200 subjects (100 non- smokers and 100 smokers cases), in which baseline demographic parameters (age and BMI) are compared between smokers and non-smokers. No significant difference between the baseline demographic parameters between the smokers and non-smokers ensures optimum comparison avoiding bias.The difference between TLC, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, granulocyte count, and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin among smokers and non-smoker subjects. The mean values of TLC (p <0.001), lymphocyte count(p<0.001),monocyte count(p=0.01),and granulocyte count (p=0.01) were significantly higher in smokers as compared to non-smokers, while the mean values of SpO2(p = 0.02) were significantly lower in smokers as compared to non-smokers. Conclusion: The study has shown that altered values of TLC and DLC and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in smokers should be considered during diagnosis, interpretation of result, and treatment of patients. A high TLC and DLCs exhibited in this research may be responsible for chronic inflammation and subsequent high risk of CVD in smokers. Therefore, quitting smoking should be encouraged for better health. Keywords: SpO2,Oxygen Saturation of Hemoglobin, Total and Differential Leukocyte Count, Smoker

A Cross Sectional Study of Relationship Between FEF25-75 % and Body Mass Index Among Young Obese

Background: The aim of the study was to to find out the relationship between FEF25-75 % and BMI and compare the variations among underweight and overweight. Methods: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria 210 subjects were included (aged between 18 years-25 years) in this study. Results: Mean predicted value of FEF 25-75 L/S is significantly decreased (p value<0.05) in group A (Underweight), group E (obese class 2) and group F (obese class 3) when compared to control subjects group B.Conclusion: There was statistically significant decrease in FEF 25-75% in group A (underweight), group E (obese class 2) and group F (obese class 3) as compared to control group B