AGRARIAN REGIONS IN SERBIA AS NATURAL FOUNDATION AND MARKET CHANCE IN CIRCUMSTANCES OF TRANSITION

Process of transition movements in Republic of Sebia is in progress. Transition movements have not bypassed agrarian sector. Market agriculture should gain significance along this process. On this occasion we would like to emphasis two elements which affect development of Market Agriculture. Those are regionalization and specialization of agriculture. In study about agrarian regions in conditions of transition two charts are given, that pinpoint the essence of natural foundation and market opportunities in transition circumstances. Study of agro-identities starts with introspection of each reagion in respect of its natural values: plain (Vojvodina), hilly ( Sumadija), mountain-hilly (Pester). Therefore, plain region is specialized for production of stable livestocking (cattle and hogs), mountain-hilly is based on pasture (sheep and cattle) etc. Regional disposition of some types of livestocking is limited by natural conditions and structure of agricultural area. Essentially, the level of livestock farming has been determined by economic progress of the region and Market development. The certain other regions are specialized in viticulture, fruit-growing or vegetable growing (vicinity of big cities). In time of transition, i.e. transferring to Market Agriculture, issue of regional identity has become more actual than ever. This could be best illustrated on the example of forming specialized cooperatives, agricultural markets and companies (plum and apple production and other agricultural cropping) spread throughout particular areas of Serbia.Agrarian regions, Regionalization, Specialization, Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, International Development,

Strategy elements of export improvement in agro-economy of Serbia

In forthcoming period, export organizations are going to face tougher competition, which will significantly influence on expectable export effects of their products. This factor must be counted on, and the only way to long-term neutralize the negative effects, based on insufficient competitiveness of domestic goods, is in constant efforts for competitiveness level increment of these products. That is to say, all reserves, primarily in the field of larger productivity and decreasing the production costs have to be engaged in this plan. That implies also certainly slower prices increment, as well as solutions regarding adequate export impulse and relief of export - oriented production, which would certainly help to react more efficient and faster to conditions on foreign market. Regarding comparative advantages, Serbia insufficiently uses even realistic natural possibilities for agricultural products production.agro-economy, strategy, export, cooperation

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay in assessment of genotoxic potential: the Sava River case study

The Sava River is the major drainage basin of Southeastern Europe and the largest tributary to the Danube River [1]. With a population of about 8.2 million and poor legislation regarding the discharge of wastewaters in the countries of the region, the anthropogenic pressure in the basin is more than obvious. Genotoxic stressors are a group which has drawn increasing attention lately due to the possible adverse effect which they might have on the quality of the ecosystem [2]. The effects of the DNA alterations can be dramatic in means of drop of survival and fertility but can also lead to changes in the genetic code and become one of the primary drivers of genetic diversity among the populations [3]. The comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis) is widely used for the evaluation of DNA-damaging effects in genotoxicity testing and population monitoring. It can be modified to enable the detection of specific classes of DNA damage, like oxidative damage (Fpg-modified comet assay). In the last decade, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay, a simple, fast, sensitive, and straightforward PCR-based method, has been used to detect genotoxic-induced DNA damage and mutations in different organisms, including fish. In the field of ecotoxicology, most RAPD studies describe the RAPD changes as differences in band intensity as well as gain/loss of stable bands. In this study we have carried out a genotoxicological survey along the upper course of the Sava River. The specimens of chub (Squalius cephalus) were collected in August and September 2015 at seven sites (Litija-I, Vrhovo-II, Čatež-III, Zagreb-IV, Jasenovac-V, S. Brod-VI, Županja-VII) along the river. Blood was collected directly from the heart with 3 mL syringes. One drop of blood of each specimen was diluted 20x in 4°C cooled medium and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen prior to the application of the comet assay and Fpg-modified comet assay analysis. Approximately 500 mg of muscle tissue was excised from each specimen and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen upon RAPD analyses. The genomic DNAs from four individuals from each site were blended to suppress the intra-populational genetic polymorphism potentially revealed by RAPD. In our analysis 6 different primers were used. Based on the results of the alkaline comet assay we have observed separation of the sites in Slovenia from the sites in Croatia. Increase of DNA damage was observed at sites situated downstream of the site Čatež and DNA damage reached the highest values in specimens collected at the site Jasenovac. The results of Fpg-modified assay showed a lack of correlation between the Net-contribution of 8-oxo-G sites and values obtained in the alkaline comet assay suggesting that the oxidative stress is not a major inductor of DNA damage in this case. Thus, it should be emphasized that the highest level of oxidative damage was also observed at the site Jasenovac. RAPD profiles evidenced substantial differences between examined sites. It was interesting that like the comet assay, RAPD band analysis 42 also singled out sites Zagreb and/or Jasenovac (5 out of 6 primers). Site Jasenovac (V) was excluded as the site with the highest net contribution of oxidative damage and the highest level of DNA damage detected by the comet assay but also as the site which was most frequently separated by others in clustering within the RAPD analysis. Based on the previous studies [3-5] occurrence of DNA damage such as single and double breaks as well as oxidized bases can lead to loss or appearance of bands in RAPD analysis, so it is reasonable to speculate the influence of DNA damage in overall change in bands. Besides the possible impact of the DNA damage in pattern of RAPD fingerprint is also the influence of other population of chub from the Bosna River (right tributary of this site), which could have changed genetic structure. Nevertheless, one of the downsides of these kinds of studies is that RAPD detects both genetic variability and DNA damage, and it is very difficult to differentiate the real contribution of DNA damage. However, according to previous research [6] using both approaches would be advantageous. At the population level, concurrent responses between changes in population genetic structure and elevated levels of DNA damage may provide evidence that the population genetic changes are influenced by the exposure to genotoxic chemicals [3, 6]. References: [1] Kolarević et al., 2016. PloS one 11(9), e0162450. [2] Frenzilli et al., 2009. Mutat. Res./Rev. Mutat. 681(1), 80-92. [3] Atienzar et al., 2006. Mutat. Res./Rev. Mutat. 613(2), 76-102. [4] De Wolf et al., 2004. Mutat. Res./Rev. Mutat. 566(3), 249-262. [5] Jin et al., 2009. Toxicol. In Vitro 23(7), 1209-1214. [6] Theodorakis, 2001. Ecotoxicology 10, 245–256. [6] Theodorakis, 2001. Ecotoxicology 10, 245–256

Related Crimes Economic Life Under the Laws Byzantium VII and VIII Century

The author pays attention to the system of criminal liability that is tied to the economic life of Byzantium in the seventh and eighth centuries. We give an overview of criminal offenses, sanctions and indemnity are systematized and tabulated. For any offense to give a brief description of the comment. The paper argues that in this period comes to the abandonment of the principles of Justinian Code and the introduction of draconian new system of punishment that is becoming characteristic of this difficult time in the existence of the Empire

REGARDING AGROECOLOGICAL AGRIBUSINESS ISSUES

According to actual conditions agricultural production development was achieved by harming the environment. The traditional agricultural methods (the natural farms, and plants and animals using in a rural manner) was bequeath us the ruined environment (erosion, barren fields etc). Modern agriculture which based on technical – technological accomplishments could harms it even more and immeasurable. We couldn’t let that development and prosperity of agricultural production does more harm and endanger the environment which could lead to ecological problems with immeasurable consequences. The Agrarian policy should takes into considerations agribusiness agroecological issues in conditions like these. The major goal of a modern agricultural productions and food industry isn’t only to produce more food with lowest possible prices but to contribute the environment protection and prosperity by their activities. Production of “Eco food” was presumed by using of proper ecological technology. Normally, the profile of agribusiness managers should be changed in the first place. They should be the modern type of eco – managers. Their primary task should be to manage the control of applying eco principles with agricultural production. According to the modern agricultural enterprises business managing, beside the market realization as the business component, we should take into consideration the applying of eco principles level as well. Its applying should be considered as preventive measures in the environment protection. The point is that’s much more expensive to overhaul harming consequences provoked by ignoring of the modern agricultural eco principles than stick with them

Elements of Credit Policy By the Byzantine Laws VII and VII Century (Eclogue, Agricultural Law and Shipping Law)

The author introduces us to elements of the credit policy that applied in the Byzantine Empire during the seventh and eighth centuries. Credit policy is provided through the legal texts eclogue, agrarian law and Maritime Law. The creation of the credit policy was one of the inevitable development of economic life segments of the Empire of this age. The paper gives some credit policy institutes. These are: mortgage, mortgage loans, mortgages, antihreza, borrowing money. Finally, the author concludes that these laws maintain continuity in the development of credit relations with the Roman law. Observed in the general credit policies in these three laws are not much changed from the Justinian codification

Development Policy Advisory Public Service in Agriculture in the Republic of Serbia

Under the advisory public services in agriculture mean all institutions that publicly declare that they are in the service of agriculture. The main objective of the establishment of these services is to facilitate agricultural production. These services include: various institutes such as the Institute of Agriculture seed, protection from disease and dr., Agricultural services, veterinary, anti-hail service, Department of Pomology, National Institute of Viticulture. In the countries of Southeast Europe, among which is Serbia and such services are still underdeveloped and are in the phase of constitution. It is necessary to support the development of these services because it is a regulated market is part of an integrated rural development. Drawing on the positive experience of developed countries in the EU and beyond, and in connection with the establishment and operation of agricultural advisory services, all the countries of South East Europe during the last decade of the 20th century established this service. The fact that in the formation of agricultural extension has not implemented a unique organizational model, and that in the current functioning of these services are not everywhere achieved satisfactory results, indicating, among other things, that there are no universal solutions for all situations

The Importance of Professional Sevices in Modern Business

The upcoming integration of Serbia into the EU imposes new rules on society and business. That changes is a good precondition for the development of professional services sector. The companies try to improve their competitiveness by adopting new products, technologies and services. The new business concepts have to be “translated” into understandable language for market operators which are looking for advice from consultants on how to adapt to these rules. The demand for professional services rises together with real needs, and is dictated by: privatization, value evaluation of the enterprise, foundation of new small and medium enterprises, as a supposition of faster development of market economy, new products, seeking for new markets etc

AGRARIAN REGIONS IN SERBIA AS NATURAL FOUNDATION AND MARKET CHANCE IN CIRCUMSTANCES OF TRANSITION

Process of transition movements in Republic of Sebia is in progress. Transition movements have not bypassed agrarian sector. Market agriculture should gain significance along this process. On this occasion we would like to emphasis two elements which affect development of Market Agriculture. Those are regionalization and specialization of agriculture. In study about agrarian regions in conditions of transition two charts are given, that pinpoint the essence of natural foundation and market opportunities in transition circumstances. Study of agro-identities starts with introspection of each reagion in respect of its natural values: plain (Vojvodina), hilly ( Sumadija), mountain-hilly (Pester). Therefore, plain region is specialized for production of stable livestocking (cattle and hogs), mountain-hilly is based on pasture (sheep and cattle) etc. Regional disposition of some types of livestocking is limited by natural conditions and structure of agricultural area. Essentially, the level of livestock farming has been determined by economic progress of the region and Market development. The certain other regions are specialized in viticulture, fruit-growing or vegetable growing (vicinity of big cities). In time of transition, i.e. transferring to Market Agriculture, issue of regional identity has become more actual than ever. This could be best illustrated on the example of forming specialized cooperatives, agricultural markets and companies (plum and apple production and other agricultural cropping) spread throughout particular areas of Serbia