Joint Formation of QSOs and Spheroids: QSOs as clocks of star formation in Spheroids

Direct and indirect observational evidence leads to the conclusion that high redshift QSOs did shine in the core of early type proto-galaxies during their main episode of star formation. Exploting this fact, we derive the rate of formation of this kind of stellar systems at high redshift by using the QSO Luminosity Function. The elemental proportions in elliptical galaxies, the descendents of the QSO hosts, suggest that the star formation was more rapid in more massive objects. We show that this is expected to occur in Dark Matter haloes, when the processes of cooling and heating is considered. This is also confirmed by comparing the observed sub-mm counts to those derived by coupling the formation rate and the star formation rate of the spheroidal galaxies with a detailed model for their SED evolution. In this scenario SCUBA galaxies and Lyman Break Galaxies are early type proto-galaxies forming the bulk of their stars before the onset of QSO activity.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, accepted by MNRAS, major revision of the formalis

Doubly-periodic array of bubbles in a Hele-Shaw cell

Exact solutions are presented for a doubly-periodic array of steadily moving bubbles in a Hele-Shaw cell when surface tension is neglected. It is assumed that the bubbles either are symmetrical with respect to the channel centreline or have fore-and-aft symmetry, or both, so that the relevant flow domain can be reduced to a simply connected region. By using conformal mapping techniques, a general solution with any number of bubbles per unit cell is obtained in integral form. Several examples are given, including solutions for multi-file arrays of bubbles in the channel geometry and doubly-periodic solutions in an unbounded cell.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figure

Liquid mixtures involving fluorinated alcohols: The equation of state (p, r, T, x) of (Ethanol + Trifluoroethanol) Experimental and Simulation

Liquid mixtures involving fluorinated alcohols: The equation of state (p, r, T, x) of (Ethanol + Trifluoroethanol) Experimental and Simulation Pedro Duartea, Djêide Rodriguesa, Marcelo Silvaa, Pedro Morgadoa, Luís Martinsa,b and Eduardo J. M. Filipea* aCentro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal bCentro de Química de Évora, Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal Fluorinated alcohols are substances with unique properties and high technological value in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Trifluoroethanol (TFE), in particular, displays a number of unusual properties as a solvent. For example, it dissolves nylon at room temperature and is effectively used as solvent in bioengineering. The presence of the three fluorines atoms gives the alcohol a high ionization constant, strong hydrogen bonding capability and stability at high temperatures. In the pharmaceutical industry, TFE finds use as the major raw material for the production of inhalation anesthetics. Mixtures of TFE and water (known as Fluorinols®) are used as working fluids for Rankine cycle heat engines for terrestrial and space applications, as a result of a unique combination of physical and thermodynamic properties such as high thermal efficiency and excellent turbine expansion characteristics. Environmentally, TFE is a CFC substitute with an acceptable short lifetime and with small ozone depletion potential. Additionally, TFE is known to induce conformational changes in proteins and it is used as a co-solvent to analyze structural features of partially folded states. The (ethanol + TFE) system displays an interesting and peculiar behaviour, combining a negative azeotrope with high positive excess volumes. In this work, liquid mixtures of (ethanol + TFE) were investigated. The densities of the mixtures were measured as a function of composition between 278K and 338K and at pressures up to 700 bar. The corresponding excess volumes as a function of temperature and pressure, the isothermal compressibilities and thermal expansivities were calculated from the experimental results. The mixtures are highly non-ideal with excess volumes ranging from 0.8 - 1.0 cm3mol-1. Finally, molecular dynamic simulations were performed to model and interpret the experimental results. The Trappe force field was used to simulate the (TFE + ethanol) mixtures and calculate the corresponding excess volumes. The simulation results are able to reproduce the correct sign and order of magnitude of the experimental VE without fitting to the experimental data. Furthermore, the simulations suggest the presence of a particular type of hydrogen bridge between ethanol and TFE, that can help to rationalize the experimental results