Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity in the Intact Brain: Counteracting Spurious Spike Coincidences

A computationally rich algorithm of synaptic plasticity has been proposed based on the experimental observation that the sign and amplitude of the change in synaptic weight is dictated by the temporal order and temporal contiguity between pre- and postsynaptic activities. For more than a decade, this spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) has been studied mainly in brain slices of different brain structures and cultured neurons. Although not yet compelling, evidences for the STDP rule in the intact brain, including primary sensory cortices, have been provided lastly. From insects to mammals, the presentation of precisely timed sensory inputs drives synaptic and functional plasticity in the intact central nervous system, with similar timing requirements than the in vitro defined STDP rule. The convergent evolution of this plasticity rule in species belonging to so distant phylogenic groups points to the efficiency of STDP, as a mechanism for modifying synaptic weights, as the basis of activity-dependent development, learning and memory. In spite of the ubiquity of STDP phenomena, a number of significant variations of the rule are observed in different structures, neuronal types and even synapses on the same neuron, as well as between in vitro and in vivo conditions. In addition, the state of the neuronal network, its ongoing activity and the activation of ascending neuromodulatory systems in different behavioral conditions have dramatic consequences on the expression of spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity, and should be further explored

A Re-Examination of Hebbian-Covariance Rules and Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity in Cat Visual Cortex in vivo

Spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is considered as an ubiquitous rule for associative plasticity in cortical networks in vitro. However, limited supporting evidence for its functional role has been provided in vivo. In particular, there are very few studies demonstrating the co-occurrence of synaptic efficiency changes and alteration of sensory responses in adult cortex during Hebbian or STDP protocols. We addressed this issue by reviewing and comparing the functional effects of two types of cellular conditioning in cat visual cortex. The first one, referred to as the “covariance” protocol, obeys a generalized Hebbian framework, by imposing, for different stimuli, supervised positive and negative changes in covariance between postsynaptic and presynaptic activity rates. The second protocol, based on intracellular recordings, replicated in vivo variants of the theta-burst paradigm (TBS), proven successful in inducing long-term potentiation in vitro. Since it was shown to impose a precise correlation delay between the electrically activated thalamic input and the TBS-induced postsynaptic spike, this protocol can be seen as a probe of causal (“pre-before-post”) STDP. By choosing a thalamic region where the visual field representation was in retinotopic overlap with the intracellularly recorded cortical receptive field as the afferent site for supervised electrical stimulation, this protocol allowed to look for possible correlates between STDP and functional reorganization of the conditioned cortical receptive field. The rate-based “covariance protocol” induced significant and large amplitude changes in receptive field properties, in both kitten and adult V1 cortex. The TBS STDP-like protocol produced in the adult significant changes in the synaptic gain of the electrically activated thalamic pathway, but the statistical significance of the functional correlates was detectable mostly at the population level. Comparison of our observations with the literature leads us to re-examine the experimental status of spike timing-dependent potentiation in adult cortex. We propose the existence of a correlation-based threshold in vivo, limiting the expression of STDP-induced changes outside the critical period, and which accounts for the stability of synaptic weights during sensory cortical processing in the absence of attention or reward-gated supervision

Un analogue cellulaire de la plasticite fonctionnelle dans le cortex visuel : etude des mecanismes neuronaux de l'epigenese et de l'apprentissage

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Intégration spatio-temporelle de scènes tactiles et plasticité fonctionnelle dans le cortex à tonneaux du rat

Classiquement, les connexions entre vibrisses et tonneaux corticaux sont considérées comme des voies indépendantes. Cependant le rat génère des contacts multiples lors de l'exploration active. Les champs récepteurs (CR) corticaux sont très étendus, suggérant qu'une information multivibrissale converge sur chaque neurone. Afin d'étudier l'intégration de scènes tactiles dans le cortex, nous avons développé une matrice de 25 stimulateurs qui nous a permis d étudier les CRs, leur dépendance à l omission d un stimulus prédictible et la sélectivité à la direction générale générée par la déflection séquentielle des vibrisses. Le cortex primaire réalise donc une analyse intégrée non-linéaire de l information sensorielle. Certaines conditions d activité engendrent une modification durable des CRs. Nous avons observé des modifications de réponse sensorielle dont le signe et l intensité dépendent de l ordre et de l intervalle de temps entre la stimulation et l'activation post-synaptique du neurone enregistré, résultat compatible avec les règles de STDP pour lesquelles ce travail constitue la première validation dans le cortex somatosensoriel in vivoPARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Neuromodulation et plasticité des propriétés fonctionnelles des neurones corticaux (étude dans les cortex primaires visuel et somatosensoriel)

PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Collecte d'information tactile chez le rat (biomécanique de la vibrisse et stratégie d'exploration)

La connaissance des mécanismes physiologiques de la perception sensorielle nécessite la compréhension de la manière dont le système nerveux central récolte et traite le flux de stimuli sensoriels qui le bombardent en permanence. Il est essentiel de caractériser de manière précise : 1) les stratégies d exploration qu utilise le rat pour positionner ses vibrisses par rapport à son environnement et 2) la manière dont ces organes senseurs produisent et transmettent un signal mécanique pertinent pour les mécanorécepteurs situés à la base de la vibrisse. Dans une première partie, nous avons trouvé que l'amplitude du whisking chez le rat en comportement décroit avec la vitesse de locomotion, tandis que les vibrisses sont globalement plus protractées quand l'animal court plus vite. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous avons validé un modèle de transduction mécanique en comparant des prédictions théoriques avec des mesures expérimentales de déformations vibrissales. Ainsi nous avons pu décrire des événements dynamiques rapides ayant lieu après un choc sur un objet, ainsi que la propagation de ces ondes de déformation le long de la vibrisse jusqu'au follicule. D autre part nous avons mis en évidence, suite à la stimulation d une vibrisse, des mouvements d une adjacente. Dans la dernière partie, nous avons mesuré et caractérisé les oscillations rapides induites par le glissement de la vibrisse sur une texture de topographie contrôlée. Nous avons rejoué ces déformations vibrissales en enregistrant concomitamment l activité neuronale dans le cortex somatosensoriel. Nous avons montré qu il existe une corrélation entre l enveloppe de ces oscillations rapides et la réponse corticalePARIS-BIUSJ-Biologie recherche (751052107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Rich spatio-temporal stimulus dynamics unveil sensory specialization in cortical area S2.

International audienceTactile perception in rodents depends on simultaneous, multi-whisker contacts with objects. Although it is known that neurons in secondary somatosensory cortex (wS2) respond to individual deflections of many whiskers, wS2's precise function remains unknown. The convergence of information from multiple whiskers into wS2 neurons suggests that they are good candidates for integrating multi-whisker information. Here, we apply stimulation patterns with rich dynamics simultaneously to 24 macro-vibrissae of rats while recording large populations of single neurons. Varying inter-whisker correlations without changing single whisker statistics, we observe pronounced supra-linear multi-whisker integration. Using novel analysis methods, we show that continuous multi-whisker movements contribute to the firing of wS2 neurons over long temporal windows, facilitating spatio-temporal integration. In contrast, primary cortex (wS1) neurons encode fine features of whisker movements on precise temporal scales. These results provide the first description of wS2's representation during multi-whisker stimulation and outline its specialized role in parallel to wS1 tactile processing

A celebration of Franco-Argentinean neuroscience

Fil: Calvo, Daniel Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; ArgentinaFil: Golombek, Diego Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; ArgentinaFil: Shulz, Daniel E.. No especifica