Trade Liberalization and Experience in the Philippines, 1960-1984

The study traces the evolution of policies and/or factors that influenced the process of implementing a trade liberalization policy in the Philippines for the period of 1960-1984. Starting with a description of the Philippine economy’s attributes, in terms of population and labor force, investment, capital and industry characteristics, the study goes on to describe observable long-term policy patterns, using several commercial and financial indicators to discern the degree of restriction or liberalization pursued by the country.trade reforms, trade sector, liberalization, trade policies

Controlling agricultural supply by controlling inputs

Cover title."An interregional publication for state Agricultural Experiment Stations; IAES research project 1449, IR 3."Includes bibliographical references

Space VLBI Observations Show Tb>1012KT_b > 10^{12} K in the Quasar NRAO 530

We present here space-based VLBI observations with VSOP and a southern hemisphere ground array of the gamma-ray blazar NRAO 530 at 1.6 GHz and 5 GHz. The brightness temperature of the core at 1.6 GHz is $5 \times 10^{11}$ K. The size is near the minimum observable value in the direction of NRAO~530 due to interstellar scattering. The 5 GHz data show a single component with a brightness temperature of $\sim 3 \times 10^{12}$ K, significantly in excess of the inverse Compton limit and of the equipartition brightness temperature limit (Readhead 1994). This is strong evidence for relativistic motion in a jet requiring model-dependent Doppler boosting factors in the range 6 to 60. We show that a simple homogeneous sphere probably does not model the emission region accurately. We favor instead an inhomogeneous jet model with a Doppler boosting factor of 15.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

The Treatment of Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children: A Controlled Comparison of Cognitive-Behavioral Family Intervention and Standard Pediatric Care

This study describes the results of a controlled clinical trial involving 44 7- to 14-year-old children with recurrent abdominal pain who were randomly allocated to either cognitive-behavioral family intervention (CBFI) or standard pediatric care (SPC). Both treatment conditions resulted in significant improvements on measures of pain intensity and pain behavior. However, the children receiving CBFI had a higher rate of complete elimination of pain, lower levels of relapse at 6- and 12-month follow-up, and lower levels of interference with their activities as a result of pain and parents reported a higher level of satisfaction with the treatment than children receiving SPC. After controlling for pretreatment levels of pain, children's active self-coping and mothers' caregiving strategies were significant independent predictors of pain behavior at posttreatment

Are Big Farms More Efficient Than Small Ones?

Different sources of evidence indicate that large farms, in general, are more efficient than smaller ones. The causes and effects, however, are less clear. Size alone isn\u27t the only factor involved. Other factors include kind of farming, soil and topography, kind of management and differences among operators

Appraisal of the federal feed-grains programs

The original objective of the storage programs in 1933 was to operate them as price-stabilization programs to stabilize the prices of farm products against year-to-year variations in production. In actual fact, however, the programs soon began to go further than this. After the first few years, the objective changed from merely stabilizing prices to stabilizing them upward. Loan rates were set above the average-weather-crop levels, at certain percentages of parity prices. This raised the level of prices as well as stabilized them against variations in supply. This high level of prices stimulated production, reduced consumption and led to the accumulation of unsalable surpluses in storage. On Feb. 28, 1961, the investment of the CCC in price-support programs amounted to $9,193,721,000- made up of loans outstanding of$2,141,507,000 (including $946,376,813 of loans financed by lending agencies) and the cost of inventories,$7,052,214,000. The realized cost of programs primarily for stabilization of farm prices and income in fiscal 1960 was $2,094,300,000. The total cost since the programs began in 1932 was$19,847,400,000. In the case of corn, in fiscal 1958, for example, about one-third of the cost went to the grain trade and transportation agencies to cover storage and handling charges. The acreage-control programs of the 1930\u27s had little effect on production. The programs after World War II had more effect, but since cross-compliance was not included, the effect was mostly to shift production from one crop to another

Annual fluctuations in the price of corn

The United States average farm value of corn per bushel Dec. 1 before the World War was determined almost entirely by the size of the United States corn crop. The closeness of the relation is indicated by the simple correlation coefficient - .9738. The regression of corn value on corn production was - 1.62. Since the war, this regression has decreased to - 1.54. Since the war, the farm value of corn has become sensitive to other influences besides the size of the corn crop. Three other factors now seem to influence the value of corn - the numbers of livestock on farms, the rate of industrial production, and perhaps the west-east corn production ratio. The period since the war is so short, however, that these conclusions must be regarded as tentative