3D‐Printed Triboelectric Nanogenerators: State of the Art, Applications, and Challenges

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) development is undergoing rapid progress utilizing the state‐of‐the‐art 3D‐printing technologies. Herein a critical analysis of the latest developments in 3D‐printed wearable and implantable TENGs that can be used to energize small portable electronic and biomedical devices is presented. Recent progress in 3D‐printed triboelectric nanogenerator (3DP‐TENG) materials and architectural formations, as well as their performance, is evaluated for powering systems that implement physiological monitoring, multifunctional sensing, electronic energizing, noise canceling, dust filtering, and self‐healing. Furthermore, the review explicitly focuses on the 3D‐printing approaches used to form stable and robust 3DP‐TENGs. In addition, the key challenges to improving the performance of 3DP‐TENGs for optimal energy harvesting are discussed, and a roadmap is given for research and translation to commercial markets in the next decade