English-Language Creative Writing in Hong Kong: Colonial Stereotype and Process

Describes the effort of Hong Kong University in Hong Kong, China to move away from colonial education policies toward a vision of higher education as a global creative and knowledge industry. Diversity of the English language; Stereotypes of the Hong Kong students' relationship to English; Poems made by Chinese students that have appeared in the English-language literary magazine 'Yuan Yang: A Journal of Hong Kong and International Writing.'published_or_final_versio

Before Its Time, of Its Time: The Transnational Female Bildungsroman and Kartini's Letters of a Javanese Princess

The Indonesian woman, Kartini, now revered in Indonesia as its pioneer for women's education, wrote a series of letters between 1899 and 1904 to her Dutch colonial friends and feminist correspondents in Holland. Their publication, first in Dutch--the language in which they were written--then in English, provides us with a text that is chiefly literary, despite its historical and ethnographic dimensions. Using the elements of genre theory regarding the female bildungsroman to reread Letters of a Javanese Princess, the paper argues that colonialism, racism, and transnational gender biases inflect the Letters. The narrative of conflict between women's desires for growth and the combined repressive regulatory ideologies of Javanese patriarchy and Dutch racism, while it falls within a broader transnational tradition of women's life stories, offers an original testimony to early twentieth century Asian feminist struggles