Risk factors for Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape province, South Africa

Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in sub-Saharan Africa and the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis on COVID-19 outcomes are unknown. We conducted a population cohort study using linked data from adults attending public-sector health facilities in the Western Cape, South Africa. We used Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, sex, location, and comorbidities, to examine the associations between HIV, tuberculosis, and COVID-19 death from 1 March to 9 June 2020 among (1) public-sector “active patients” (≥1 visit in the 3 years before March 2020); (2) laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases; and (3) hospitalized COVID-19 cases. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for COVID-19, comparing adults living with and without HIV using modeled population estimates.Among 3 460 932 patients (16% living with HIV), 22 308 were diagnosed with COVID-19, of whom 625 died. COVID19 death was associated with male sex, increasing age, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. HIV was associated with COVID-19 mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70–2.70), with similar risks across strata of viral loads and immunosuppression. Current and previous diagnoses of tuberculosis were associated with COVID-19 death (aHR, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.81–4.04] and 1.51 [95% CI, 1.18–1.93], respectively). The SMR for COVID-19 death associated with HIV was 2.39 (95% CI, 1.96–2.86); population attributable fraction 8.5% (95% CI, 6.1–11.1)

A PROCESS MODEL OF CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP

MBA thesis - WBSMaking innovation happen is one of the most important issues currently facing most companies in understanding how best to unlock value. As important as it is, it remains a fairly elusive value for most organisations, which, while acknowledging its importance, lack the ability to leverage it for value creation, much the same way organisational culture is acknowledged to be an important factor in the success of organisations. Yet, despite all its proclaimed values, 70% of all corporate culture change efforts result in failure. The topic and practice of corporate entrepreneurship have attracted considerable interest from both corporate practitioners and academics alike. Much of the interest in this area is based on the acknowledgement that innovation is assumed to have critical importance for firms competing in rapidly evolving industries. Within this interest, a particularly promising area of research focus has been that of entrepreneurial cognition. However, the focus in the area has largely been on individual entrepreneurship, the way entrepreneurs think, the individual decision-making processes and heuristics adopted by entrepreneurs. In line with this focus, there is an increased awareness of the need for a greater understanding of the processes and strategies of corporate entrepreneurship, particularly in the manner in which culture affects these entrepreneurial cognitive processes. The purpose of this research is to develop a model that provides a description of the process of how culture affects corporate entrepreneurship. The rationale of the research is to help fill a gap in the literature by providing a model that describes corporate entrepreneurship as a process that is also affected by corporate culture