Poldip2, a Novel Regulator of Nox4 and Cytoskeletal Integrity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Balcony that also serves as porch for rear entrance, steel support beams painted black; In 1924, having reconstructed four buildings, Rietveld obtained his first comprehensive architectural commission. He designed a house for Mrs Truus (G. A.) Schröder-Schräder (1889-1985) in collaboration with her. Built on the outskirts of Utrecht, the Schröder House realized the architectural ideas of De Stijl for the first time. The exterior is built up of gray and white planar surfaces of varying sizes, which are combined with horizontal and vertical accents in primary colors and black, a technique known as Elementarism, which blurred the divide between external and internal space. In the interior the second floor can be divided from one area into six by the use of concertina (sliding) walls. The foundations, support pillars and the balconies were the only parts of the building that were made out of concrete; the rest is plaster over brick, with steel beams supporting roof and balcony. The window frames are actually wood, although painted black. The house was restored by Bertus Mulder and now is a museum. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000. Source: Grove Art Online; http://www.oxfordartonline.com/ (accessed 8/1/2014

The relationship between pluripotency and mitochondrial DNA proliferation during early embryo development and embryonic stem cell differentiation

Pluripotent blastomeres of mammalian pre-implantation embryos and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are characterized by limited oxidative capacity and great reliance on anaerobic respiration. Early pre-implantation embryos and undifferentiated ESCs possess small and immature mitochondria located around the nucleus, have low oxygen consumption and express high levels of glycolytic enzymes. However, as embryonic cells and ESCs lose pluripotency and commit to a specific cell fate, the expression of mtDNA transcription and replication factors is upregulated and the number of mitochondria and mtDNA copies/cell increases. Moreover, upon cellular differentiation, mitochondria acquire an elongated morphology with swollen cristae and dense matrices, migrate into wider cytoplasmic areas and increase the levels of oxygen consumption and ATP production as a result of the activation of the more efficient, aerobic metabolism. Since pluripotency seems to be associated with anaerobic metabolism and a poorly developed mitochondrial network and differentiation leads to activation of mitochondrial biogenesis according to the metabolic requirements of the specific cell type, it is hypothesized that reprogramming of somatic cells towards a pluripotent state, by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), transcription-induced pluripotency or creation of pluripotent cell hybrids, requires acquisition of mitochondrial properties characteristic of pluripotent blastomeres and ESCs