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Not AvailablePathology of Johne's disease (JD) in bullocks (castrated, adult male cattle) is rarely studied. Here, we report the pathology and cytokine gene expression of naturally occurring JD in bullocks. The small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes collected from 404 bullocks, aged between 5 and 10years, were examined for JD lesions and detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). A total of 8.7% bullocks exhibited JD lesions, which were classified into multibacillary-diffuse granulomatous (n=2), paucibacillary-focal granulomatous (n=18) and paucibacillary-diffuse lymphocytic (n=15) lesions. The tissue cytokine gene expression profiles in all three forms of lesions corroborated with different immuno-pathological processes of JD in bullocks. The molecular typing and gene sequencing identified Map isolates from bullocks as bison type.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableOBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Paratuberculosis is an economically important, chronic, and incurable disease in ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Understanding the genetic variability of MAP strains is important in diagnosis, epidemiological investigation, and the formation of strategies for prevention and control of the disease.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn the present study, a total of 14 (73.68%) cases of abortions and two (100%) cases of still births were detected positive for Trypanosoma evansi infection by wet and dry blood smear examination and fetal tissue PCR in camels of an organized farm. The abortions in infected dams were recorded from 8 to 11.5 month of gestation, however majority occurred during 9th to 10th month. The important laboratorial findings in infected dams were anemia, hypoglycemia, hyperproteinemia and leukocytosis. At necropsy the T. evansi infected aborted and still born fetuses showed subcutaneous edema, presence of moderate amount of dark red hemolysed blood in thoracic and abdominal cavity, bronchopneumonia, hepatic necrosis and acute congestion in all vital organs. Microscopically, there was severe congestion, thickening of bronchial and alveolar wall and mononuclear infiltration in the fetal lung, necrotic and degenerative changes in the liver, nephritis along with severe congestion and tubular necrosis in the kidneys and necrotic and degenerative changes and congestion of capillaries in the brain. The T. evansi DNA was detected by PCR from blood, lung, spleen, liver, kidney and brain of all the infected aborted and still born fetuses. The results of the study indicated that T. evansi can cross placental barrier and cause pathological events in the fetus resulting into abortion or still birth in pregnant camels.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAccurate early antemortem diagnosis of tuberculosis in dromedary camels is difficult due to the lack of reliable diagnostic test. The present study aimed to evaluate a lateral flow assay-based kit (rapid assay kit) in tuberculosis diagnosis that employs immuno-chromatographic detection of antibodies in serum, plasma, or whole blood. In a dromedary camel herd comprising 337 animals located at Bikaner, Rajasthan, India, 50 adult weak camels (11 males and 39 females) were tested by applying a single intradermal tuberculin test (SIDT) and rapid assay kit. A total of 14 animals (2 males, 12 females) were found positive in rapid assay. In SIDT, four animals revealed a positive reaction in the neck region and seven animals in the tail base. Another male animal was found SIDT positive but negative in rapid assay; it died after 12 months. Nine rapid assay positive animals died asymptomatically in 1- to 11-month period revealing postmortem tuberculosis lesions that were confirmed by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and histopathology. No tuberculous lesion was evident in the animal found positive in SIDT alone. Results of the present study indicated that serological tests like rapid assay kit can serve as a reliable test for antemortem diagnosis of tuberculosis in dromedary camel.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTuberculosis was diagnosed at necropsy in six camels having age varying from one to ten years. Clinically these camels were not showing any respiratory symptoms however they showed signs of anorexia, emaciation, fever, frequent lachrymation, lethargy and weakness since past 1 to 5 months. The necropsy of these camels revealed pulmonary tuberculosis in fi ve camels and milliary or disseminated tuberculosis in one camel. Grossly the tuberculous lesions in lungs were multifocal to coalescing, white, nodular and calcifi ed of different diameters (from 2 mm to 10 cm). The pea sized nodules containing caseous and calcifi ed mass were also found scattered and attached to pleura and internal rib surface. The mediastinal lymph nodes were enlarged, hard, calcifi ed and severely congested. The impression smear from lung and mediastinal lymph nodes stained with Ziehl-Neelsen stain showed pink acid fast bacilli. The tuberculous lesions from lung and mediastinal lymph nodes were cultured on LJ media slants which showed typical cream colonies of Mycobacterium bovis after 10-15 days of incubation. The lung, mediastinal lymph node tissues and colonies from culture were used for DNA extraction and PCR for amplifi cation of hupB gene of M. bovis. All samples were found positive for amplifi cation of hupB gene showing band at 645 bp. Histopathology of lung and mediastinal lymph nodes showed typical granulomatous lesions with central area of caseous necrosis surrounded by lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, occasional giant cells and layer of fi brous tissue. The acid fast bacilli were demonstrated in lung and mediastinal lymph nodes by Ziehl-Neelsen stainNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study investigated the pathological features of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis and its diagnosis in naturally infected dromedary camels from an organized farm in India. During the period of the 5-year study, a total of 18 (19.56 %) camels out of 92 examined showed gross lesions compatible with TB at post-mortem. The clinical signs and pathological lesions in these camels were studied, and the efficacy of different diagnostic tests was also assessed. On the basis of occurrence and distribution of gross TB lesions, the infected camels revealed two different lesional patterns as pulmonary (n = 15) and disseminated (n = 3) form. The histopathology of affected organs revealed typical granulomatous lesions wherein the giant cells and acid-fast bacilli were occasionally observed in pulmonary form whereas they frequently observed in disseminated form. The single intradermal tuberculin test (SIDT) detected TB in 10 (55.55 %) whereas the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain and IS6110 PCR from tissue lesions detected 13 (72.22 %) and 18 (100 %) of the infected camels, respectively. The study suggests that pulmonary form of the TB is more common in camels indicating respiratory route as the major source of exposure in camel herds. Moreover, very low sensitivity of SIDT was observed which highlights the difficulty for confirmation of TB in live camels.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCamelpox is an important viral disease of camels, which may produce mild skin lesions or severe systemic infections. Camelpox virus (CMLV) isolates retrieved from an incidence of camelpox in camels at Bikaner, India were characterized on the basis of genotype and pathotype. Histopathological examination of the CMLV scab revealed intracytoplasmic-eosinophilic inclusion bodies. The phylogenetic analysis of all eight CMLV isolates for C18L gene nucleotide sequence revealed its clustering with its strains M-96 from Kazakhstan and CMS from Iran. The study will help to understand the transmission chain, pathobiology, and epidemiology of circulating CMLV strains. The full genome sequencing of some of the exemplary samples of CMLV is recommended in order to plan and implement a suitable control strategy. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious, and economically devastating viral disease of domestic and wildlife species. For effective implementation of FMD control program, there is an imperative need for developing a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostics which help in the identification of serotypes involved in the outbreaks. The humoral immune response of the Camelidae is unique since in these animals 75% of circulating antibodies are constituted by heavy-chain antibodies and 25% are conventional immunoglobulin with two identical heavy chains. In the present study, we developed and characterized FMD virus-specific single-domain heavy-chain antibodies (VHHs) against inactivated whole-virus antigens of FMDV serotypes O (INDR2/1975), A (IND40/2000), and Asia 1 (IND63/1972) vaccine strains. After six rounds of panning and enrichment, these VHHs were stably expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The VHHs directed against outer capsid proteins of FMD virus were successfully utilized as the capture antibody in liquid-phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) thus replacing rabbit coating antibodies. Our study demonstrated the utility of FMD virus-specific VHHs as potential candidates in FMD research and diagnostic application.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCellular interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the healthy Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) and viral IL-10 (vIL-10) from the skin scabs of the Dromedary camels infected with contagious ecthyma (a parapoxviral infection in the camels) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned and characterized. Sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame (ORF) of dromedarian camel IL-10 is 537 bp in length, encoding 178 amino acid poly peptide while open reading frame of vIL-10 from camel is 561 bp, encoding 187 amino acid polypeptide. The Dromedary camel IL-10 exhibited 62.6% and 68.5% sequence identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively, with vIL-10 from camel. Sequence analysis also revealed that the Dromedary camel IL-10 shared 99.4% and 98.3% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively, with the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). But vIL-10 from camel shared 84.7% and 83.4% sequence identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively, with vIL-10 from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), which is a ruminant species belonging to the order Artiodactyla. The present study was conducted to evaluate the evolutionary origin of the camel parapox virus with parapox viruses of cattle and sheep and the resultant sequence analysis revealed that camel parapox virus is closely related to cattle parapox virus than sheep parapox virus (Orf virus).Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe haemagglutinin (HA) encoding gene and genes encoding for immunomodulatory proteins i.e., schlafen-like protein, epidermal growth factor and golgi anti apoptotic protein of camelpoxvirus (CMLV) obtained from Indian dromedarian camels were cloned and characterized. In this study, the size of the HA encoding gene obtained from the Indian CMLV is 941 bp which is only partial. Sequence analysis of schlafen-like protein gene revealed that CMLV obtained from India shared 99.6% identity with CMLV-Iran and CMLV-Kazakhstan strains both at nucleotide and amino acid level. The size of epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene of Indian CMLV obtained in this study was 418 bp, which was due to the addition of one cytosine residue position 132 of EGF gene of Indian CMLV. Sequence analysis revealed that the Golgi anti-apoptotic protein (GAAP) of Indian CMLV shared 99.5% sequence identity both at the nucleotide and amino acid level with CMLV-Kazakhstan. Based on the nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities and phylogenetic analyses of these genes, it is found that CMLV-India is forming a cluster with Kazakhstan and Iranian CMLV isolates.Not Availabl