ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY OF CENTELLA (CENTELLA ASIATICA (L.) URBAN) HERB IN VACCINE INDUCED MICE

Objective: This study aimed to determine the antipyretic activity of the infusion of centella (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) herb, based on empirically usage of Indonesian people. Methods: Antipyretic activity assay was conducted to Swiss-Webster mice, which induced by diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine with paracetamol as positive control. Results: Centella herb was contained tannins, flavonoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and saponins. The antipyretic activity of centella infusion has a ratio 1:44.6, compare to paracetamol. Conclusion: Antipyretic activity of centella herbs was predicted due to its secondary metabolites

DECOCTION OF POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.) PEEL AS AN ANTHELMINTIC AGAINST TAENIA SAGINATA

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anthelmintic activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel decoction against Taenia saginata. Methods: The in vitro assay was conducted by observing the motility of T. saginata, which is isolated from cattle’s gastrointestinal tract, in various concentrations of pomegranate peel decoction with albendazole as a positive control. Results: The results showed that the anthelmintic activity was dependent on decoction concentration and the duration of contact between decoction and nematode. Decoction at moderate concentration causes paralysis, while high concentration causes death. The 75% and 100% pomegranate peel decoction started to cause death at 240 min and 150 min after contact with T. saginata. Conclusion: It was concluded that pomegranate peel decoction has anthelmintic activity

IMPLEMENTATION OF FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS TO MAINTAIN WATER TEMPERATURE IN HYDROPONICS NFT FOR LOLLO VERDE LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA L.)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to maintain the nutritional water temperature in the range of 25-27 °C for Lollo Verde lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Methods: The method was the Fuzzy Logic Mamdani (FLM) with two inputs, i.e. real time clock and temperature. The output was crisp speed PWM with the center of area method. Results: The results showed that Fuzzy logic was succeeded in reducing water temperature in the NFT system from 28-32 °C to 26-27 °C, with an average delta of 3.5 °C. Fuzzy logic maintained the nutrient water temperature in the Lollo Verde lettuce with an average of 26.57±0.5 °C. Water temperature affected the yield of Lollo Verde lettuce. Conclusion: The yield of NFT FLM system was better compared to the conventional NFT system

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ACNE GEL CONTAINING GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM) AGAINST PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate the gel of garlic juice as anti-acne to facilitate the topical usage.Methods: The steps of this study consisted of extraction, gel formulations with various concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and gel evaluation, i.e., organoleptic, viscosity, pH, skin irritation test, hedonic test, and anti-acne activity assay against Propionibacterium acnes.Results: The garlic juice contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. The different concentrations of CMC produce different physicochemistry properties of the gels. These properties were affected the gels stability, anti-acne activity, and the panelis perception on hedonic test.Conclusion: The garlic juice at 7.5% has anti-acne activity to P. acnes, and the gel of 3% CMC is the most stable and preferable

Comparative Antioxidant Activity on The Ficus benjamina and Annona reticulata Leaves

Antioxidants can prevent free radical formation. Natural antioxidants found in many plants, such as Ficus benjamina and Annona reticulata. The study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions of Ficus benjamina and Annona reticulata leaves against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl. The steps of this study consist of extraction, fractionation with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity determination, and comparing the IC50 values. Percentage scavenging activity of the extracts and fractions against DPPH was calculated to determine the antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of Ficus benjamina was 127.86 ppm for ethanolic extract, 94.01 ppm for water fraction, 115.48 ppm for ethyl acetate fraction, and 335.50 ppm for n-hexane fraction. The IC50 value of Annona reticulata was 274.31 ppm for ethanolic extract, 211.42 ppm for water fraction, 367.91 ppm for ethyl acetate fraction, and 741.08 ppm for n-hexane fraction. The results showed that the Ficus benjamina water fraction was the best antioxidant compared to other extract and fraction

THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TABLET FORMULATION OF COLEUS (PLECTRANTHUS SCUTELLARIODES) LEAVES EXTRACT USING KOLLICOAT®PROTECT COATING

Objective: The purpose of this study was to find the concentration of weight gain on the use of Kollicoat®Protect to produce coleus leaf extract film-coated tablets with good physical properties. Methods: Coleus extract was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol. Tablet cores were prepared using the wet granulation method, then evaluated (uniformity of weight, size, hardness, friability, and disintegration time). Coated tablets were made in four variations of polymer weight gain, i.e. 5, 6, 7, and 8%. To determine the effect of the weight gain concentration of Kollicoat®Protect an evaluation of the coated tablets was carried out, i.e. the uniformity of weight, size, hardness, disintegration time, and physical appearance of the film-coated tablets. Results: The four variations (Film Coated Tablet, FCT 5, 6, 7, and 8%) in weight gain of film-coated tablets showed the physical appearance results per the applicable requirements. However, the physical observation test at room temperature showed the instability of the film-coated tablet. The qualitative analysis of thin-layer chromatography showed that the productive substances in the extracts, tablet cores, and film-coated tablets were still contained even though they had undergone several formulation stages. Conclusion: Film-coated tablets met the standards of the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopeia. After two weeks, there was slight instability in film-coated tablets at room temperature storage. The extract, tablet core, and film-coated tablet contain flavonoids

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF WATER APPLE (Syzygium aqueum) FRUIT ANDFRAGRANT MANGO (Mangifera odorata) FRUIT

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant activity of fruit of water apple and fragrant mango against 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl as a free radical.Methods: This study was conducted by visible spectrophotometry.Results: The water apple and fragrant mango contain reducing compounds including vitamin C. The vitamin C content of water apple and fragrant mango fruit was 0.087% (w/w) and 0.050% (w/w), respectively. The inhibitory concentration 50% value of fresh fruit of water apple and fragrant mango was 4.857 μg/ml and 4.379 μg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: Antioxidant activity of water apple fruit was higher than fragrant mango fruit

COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF PROLANIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS ON THREE COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTERS IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of T2DM patients in community health centers (Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat, Puskesmas) of Rancaekek, Linggar, and Nanjungmekar. Methods: The medicine was a combination of metformin and glimepiride; the outcome parameter was fasting glucose level, cost components were fee of BPJS class III and transportation cost with the patient's perspective. Pharmacoeconomic method was cost-effectiveness analysis. Respondents were given counseling about the importance of medicine consumption. Results: There were 60 respondents, which met the inclusion criteria, then grouped by gender (male (15%) and female (85%)) and age (the highest incidence was the range from 56 to 65 y old, 36.67%). The average cost-effectiveness ratio of Prolanis in the Puskesmas of Rancaekek, Linggar, and Nanjungmekar was 1,073, 956 and 1,885 IDR per decreased glucose level, respectively. The statistical analysis of decreased blood glucose was 0.341 and the Prolanis cost was 0.399, which no difference between decreased blood glucose and Prolanis costs in the three Puskesmas. Conclusions: The Prolanis of Linggar Puskesmas was the most cost-effective compared to the Rancaekek and Nanjungmekar Puskesmas

CORRELATION STUDY OF AGE, DISEASE DURATION, AND ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE AMONG THE INDONESIAN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS

Objective: The present study aims to determine the correlation between age, disease duration, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) among the Indonesian rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.Methods: The subject was the Indonesian RA patients and healthy control subjects. We were determined the correlation between age, disease duration, and ESR uses statistical analysis. The subjects who participated in the present study are patients who visit the Rheumatology clinic at one governmental hospital in Bandung City, Indonesia. ESR was determined by the modified Westergren's method. R software was conducted to data analysis.Results: The number of subjects was 16.17% of men and 83.33% of women with the range from 20 to 77 y old. All patients received the combination of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, analgesic, and corticosteroid. The average of disease duration was 8.08+5.73 y. The experimental ESR of the RA patients were 22.50+12.23 mm/h for men and 31.75+15.03 mm/h for women. This value is only slightly higher than the normal value. We suggested that treatment with combination therapy can maintain the ESR.Conclusion: Spearman's correlation showed that there is no correlation between age and disease duration (rho = 0.325), between age and ESR (rho =-0.285), and between disease duration and ESR (rho = 0.039).Â

CORRELATION STUDY OF SERUM CALCIUM LEVELS AND SERUM CARTILAGE OLIGOMERIC MATRIX PROTEIN LEVELS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA

  Objective: This study was designed is to determine the correlation between serum calcium level and serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) level in Indonesian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Subjects and Methods: The subjects are patients who visit the rheumatology clinic at a government hospital in Bandung, Indonesia. Serum calcium level was determined by a complexometric method, and the serum COMP level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed with R software.Results: The serum calcium level was 82.24±44.82 mg/mL in RA patients and 99.04±60.56 mg/mL in normal controls. The serum COMP level was 843.80±35.79 ng/ml in RA patients and 830.00±48.92 ng/ml in normal controls.Conclusion: There is no correlation between serum calcium level and serum COMP levels in RA patients (p=0.967 and rho=0.006)