Pathogen effects on milk yield and composition in chronic subclinical mastitis in dairy cows

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic subclinical mastitis (CSM) on milk production and component yields in dairy cows. A total of six herds located in the Midwest area of São Paulo State, Brazil were selected. Herds were visited once every 2 weeks to measure milk yield and to collect milk samples from lactating Holstein cows. Milk samples were collected at two stages (1 and 2), and each stage comprised three milk samplings. In stage 1, a total of 117 of 647 cows were diagnosed with CSM based on at least two of three repeated somatic cell counts (SCC) > 2000,000 cells/mL and positive bacterial milk culture results (BC). Cows with CSM were selected for the second stage. In stage 2, selected cows had quarter sampling aseptically collected for BC analyses prior to milking, and quarter milk yield was measured. Milk components (total protein, fat, lactose, and total solids) were measured using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Mammary quarters were considered healthy if all three repeated SCC results were ≤ 200,000 cells/mL and no bacterial growth was detected on BC. All quarters with positive bacterial growth were classified as having (non-chronic) subclinical mastitis when only one of three SCC results were > 200,000 cells/mL, and CSM when at least two of three SCC results were > 200,000 cells/mL. The effects of CSM by type of pathogen on milk and components yield were assessed using a linear mixed model. Mammary quarters with CSM caused by major pathogens had milk loss of 1.1 kg/quarter.milking in comparison to healthy quarters. Milk losses were 0.8 and 1.3 kg/quarter.milking when CSM was caused by Staphylococcus aureus or environmental streptococci, respectively. In addition, healthy quarters produced more milk components than quarters with CSM caused by major pathogens. Minor pathogens causing CSM (non-aureus staphylococci and Corynebacterium spp.) had no effect on milk yield. Quarters with CSM had lower milk and component yields when compared with healthy quarters. Milk losses varied according to the type of pathogen and were higher when associated with major pathogens such as S. aureus and environmental streptococci compared with healthy quarters

Pathogen effects on milk yield and composition in chronic subclinical mastitis in dairy cows

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic subclinical mastitis (CSM) on milk production and component yields in dairy cows. A total of six herds located in the Midwest area of São Paulo State, Brazil were selected. Herds were visited once every 2 weeks to measure milk yield and to collect milk samples from lactating Holstein cows. Milk samples were collected at two stages (1 and 2), and each stage comprised three milk samplings. In stage 1, a total of 117 of 647 cows were diagnosed with CSM based on at least two of three repeated somatic cell counts (SCC) > 2000,000 cells/mL and positive bacterial milk culture results (BC). Cows with CSM were selected for the second stage. In stage 2, selected cows had quarter sampling aseptically collected for BC analyses prior to milking, and quarter milk yield was measured. Milk components (total protein, fat, lactose, and total solids) were measured using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Mammary quarters were considered healthy if all three repeated SCC results were ≤ 200,000 cells/mL and no bacterial growth was detected on BC. All quarters with positive bacterial growth were classified as having (non-chronic) subclinical mastitis when only one of three SCC results were > 200,000 cells/mL, and CSM when at least two of three SCC results were > 200,000 cells/mL. The effects of CSM by type of pathogen on milk and components yield were assessed using a linear mixed model. Mammary quarters with CSM caused by major pathogens had milk loss of 1.1 kg/quarter milking in comparison to healthy quarters. Milk losses were 0.8 and 1.3 kg/quarter milking when CSM was caused by Staphylococcus aureus or environmental streptococci, respectively. In addition, healthy quarters produced more milk components than quarters with CSM caused by major pathogens. Minor pathogens causing CSM (non-aureus staphylococci and Corynebacterium spp.) had no effect on milk yield. Quarters with CSM had lower milk and component yields when compared with healthy quarters. Milk losses varied according to the type of pathogen and were higher when associated with major pathogens such as S. aureus and environmental streptococci compared with healthy quarters.</p

Caracterização química e físico-hídrica de um Latossolo Vermelho após vinte anos de manejo e cultivo do solo Chemistry and physical-hydric characterization of a Red Latosol after 20 years of different soil use and management

O manejo e o cultivo alteram a estrutura do solo que, por sua vez, interfere em uma série de propriedades físico-hídricas na camada superficial. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar parâmetros químicos e físico-hídricos com implicações na agregação do solo, além da macroporosidade e disponibilidade de água em um Latossolo Vermelho submetido à semeadura direta e ao preparo com arado de discos por 20 anos, tendo como testemunha o solo sob Cerrado nativo. A semeadura direta, pela ausência de revolvimento e tráfego de máquinas, foi o sistema que mais alterou a estrutura do solo, na profundidade de 0-5 cm. Entretanto, este aspecto não indicou restrição para cultivo, tendo sido observado, neste sistema, maior disponibilidade de água nessa profundidade, em relação aos sistemas arado de discos e Cerrado. A densidade do solo na semeadura direta, nas profundidades 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm, foi inferior ou igual àquela do arado de discos, possivelmente em razão do maior teor de carbono orgânico presente no solo e ausência de revolvimento. O valor de diâmetro médio geométrico dos agregados até à profundidade de 10 cm foi maior no Cerrado, seguido da semeadura direta e arado de discos, não tendo sido encontradas diferenças significativas a partir desta profundidade. Na profundidade de 20-30 cm, o sistema de preparo com arado de discos foi o que mais alterou a estrutura do Latossolo Vermelho, evidenciado pelo maior valor da densidade do solo, menor volume de macroporos e maior deslocamento, para baixo, da curva característica de água no solo na faixa de tensão entre 0 e 6 kPa e, para cima, entre 6 e 100 kPa.<br>The management and tillage change the soil structure, which in turn interferes with a series of physic-hydraulic properties in the surface soil layer. This work had as objective to evaluate chemical and physical-hydraulic soil properties that have implications on soil aggregation, macroporosity, and the available soil water in Red Latosol (Oxisol), either cropped under no-tillage or disk plowed for 20 years. The control was a native Cerrado (savannah) vegetation. Because of the absence of soils tillage and reduced machinery traffic, the no-tilllage system led to a decrease in macropore volume at a soil depth of 0-5 cm. However, this change caused no restriction to cultivation since the largest soil water availability at this depth had been observed in this system in comparison to the other studied systems. Soil bulk densities in the area under no-till, in the studied depths, were smaller or equal to those of the area under disk plowing, possibly due to the higher organic carbon content in that system and the absence of soil revolvement. The observed mean geometric diameters of aggregates up to 10 cm depth, in descending order, were found in soils under native vegetation (Cerrado), no-till, and disk plow. No significant differences were found at greater depths. At the 20-30 cm depth, disk plowing was the system that affected the Red Latosol structure the most, as indicated by the largest value of soil bulk density, smaller macroporosity, and a larger downward displacement of the characteristic soil moisture curve in the tension range of 0 to 6 kPa and upwards for tensions between 6 and 100 kPa