Modeling and Design of AlN Based SAW Device and Effect of Reflected Bulk Acoustic Wave Generated in the Device

Investigations of the effect of generation and reflection of bulk acoustic waves (BAWs) on the performance surface acoustic wave (SAW) device using finite element method (FEM) simulation is carried out. A SAW delay line structure using Aluminum Nitride (AlN) substrate is simulated. The dimension of the device is kept in the range of the 42 22.5 m in order to analyze the effect in MEMS devices. The propagation of the bulk wave in all the direction of the substrate is studied and analyzed. Since BAW reflect from the bottom of the SAW device and interfere with the receiving IDTs. The output of the SAW device is greatly affected by the interference of the BAW with SAWs in the device. Thus in SAW devices, BAW needed to be considered before designing the device. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3100

Multiplication and Modulo are Lattice Linear

In this paper, we analyze lattice linearity of multiplication and modulo operations. We demonstrate that these operations are lattice linear and the parallel processing algorithms that we study for both these operations are able to exploit the lattice linearity of their respective problems. This implies that these algorithms can be implemented in asynchronous environments, where the nodes are allowed to read old information from each other and are still guaranteed to converge within the same time complexity. These algorithms also exhibit properties similar to snap-stabilization, i.e., starting from an arbitrary state, the system follows the trace strictly according to its specification

Root initiation in cuttings and in vitro raised shoots of Pinus roxburghii

Rooting of in vitro produced buds and shoots is often the limiting step during micropropagation. Therefore, a better understanding of the various stages before and during root formation is needed. Reviewing the work done so far on Pines the present investigation was carried out to study the factors that affect in vitro rooting. Different parameters that influence rooting viz. donor age, phytohormones, and substrate were investigated. Shoots taken from field, it was found that the juvenility of the explant and position on the mother plant greatly affects the in vitro responses. In vitro raised shoots and hypocotyl cuttings of Pinus roxburghii showed best response over the other explants on ½ x DCR medium. Among the various auxins used in present investigation, NAA at lower concentrations found best for root initiation. Agar at 0.6% concentrations resulted in more healthy roots. Further elongation was achieved on ½ x DCR medium supplemented with lower concentrations of NAA. Present investigation was an attempt to establish an operative micropropagation protocol by improving the rooting of ‘hard to root’ Pinus roxburghii. In vitro rooting studies on Pinus roxburghii will be vital for enhanced multiplication and genetic improvement of this economically important forest tree species

Lattice Linear Problems vs Algorithms

Modelling problems using predicates that induce a partial order among global states was introduced as a way to permit asynchronous execution in multiprocessor systems. A key property of such problems is that the predicate induces one lattice in the state space which guarantees that the execution is correct even if nodes execute with old information about their neighbours. Thus, a compiler that is aware of this property can ignore data dependencies and allow the application to continue its execution with the available data rather than waiting for the most recent one. Unfortunately, many interesting problems do not exhibit lattice linearity. This issue was alleviated with the introduction of eventually lattice linear algorithms. Such algorithms induce a partial order in a subset of the state space even though the problem cannot be defined by a predicate under which the states form a partial order. This paper focuses on analyzing and differentiating between lattice linear problems and algorithms. It also introduces a new class of algorithms called (fully) lattice linear algorithms. A characteristic of these algorithms is that the entire reachable state space is partitioned into one or more lattices and the initial state locks into one of these lattices. Thus, under a few additional constraints, the initial state can uniquely determine the final state. For demonstration, we present lattice linear self-stabilizing algorithms for minimal dominating set and graph colouring problems, and a parallel processing 2-approximation algorithm for vertex cover. The algorithm for minimal dominating set converges in n moves, and that for graph colouring converges in n+2m moves. The algorithm for vertex cover is the first lattice linear approximation algorithm for an NP-Hard problem; it converges in n moves. Some part is cut due to 1920 character limit. Please see the pdf for full abstract.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2209.1470

Lattice Linearity in Assembling Myopic Robots on an Infinite Triangular Grid

In this paper, we study the problem of gathering distance-1 myopic robots on an infinite triangular grid. We show that the algorithm developed by Goswami et al. (SSS, 2022) is lattice linear. This implies that a distributed scheduler, assumed therein, is not required for this algorithm: it runs correctly in asynchrony. It also implies that the algorithm works correctly even if the robots are equipped with a unidirectional \textit{camera} to see the neighbouring robots (rather than an omnidirectional one, which would be required under a distributed scheduler). Due to lattice linearity, we can predetermine the point of gathering. We also show that this algorithm converges in $2n$ rounds, which is lower than that ($2.5(n+1)$ rounds) shown in Goswami et al.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2302.0720

Technical Report: Using Static Analysis to Compute Benefit of Tolerating Consistency

Synchronization is the Achilles heel of concurrent programs. Synchronization requirement is often used to ensure that the execution of the concurrent program can be serialized. Without synchronization requirement, a program suffers from consistency violations. Recently, it was shown that if programs are designed to tolerate such consistency violation faults (\cvf{s}) then one can obtain substantial performance gain. Previous efforts to analyze the effect of \cvf-tolerance are limited to run-time analysis of the program to determine if tolerating \cvf{s} can improve the performance. Such run-time analysis is very expensive and provides limited insight. In this work, we consider the question, `Can static analysis of the program predict the benefit of \cvf-tolerance?' We find that the answer to this question is affirmative. Specifically, we use static analysis to evaluate the cost of a \cvf and demonstrate that it can be used to predict the benefit of \cvf-tolerance. We also find that when faced with a large state space, partial analysis of the state space (via sampling) also provides the required information to predict the benefit of \cvf-tolerance. Furthermore, we observe that the \cvf-cost distribution is exponential in nature, i.e., the probability that a \cvf has a cost of $c$ is $A.B^{-c}$, where $A$ and $B$ are constants, i.e., most \cvf{s} cause no/low perturbation whereas a small number of \cvf{s} cause a large perturbation. This opens up new aveneus to evaluate the benefit of \cvf-tolerance

Microfluidic Mechanics and Applications: a Review

Microfluidics involves the transportation, splitting and mixing of minute fluids to perform several chemical and biological reactions including drug screening, heating, cooling or dissolution of reagents. Efforts have been made to develop different microfluidic devices, droplets and valves that can stop and resume flow of liquids inside a microchannel. This paper provides the review related to the theory and mechanics of microfluidic devices and fluid flow. Different materials and techniques for fabricating microfluidic devices are discussed. Subsequently, the microfluidic components that are responsible for successful micrfluidic device formation are presented. Finally, recent applications related to the microfluidics are highlighted. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3553

Physico-chemical analysis of selected ground water samples of Agra city, India

The aim of present study was carried out to assess the status of the groundwater in Agra city .The range of physicochemical parameters like pH (7.2-7.7), EC (1580-5200 mmhos), TDS (1020-4950 mg/l), Turbidity (1.1-31.4 NTU), Total Alkalinity (330-525 mg/l), Total hardness 240-1425 mg/l), Chloride (295-1140 mg/l), Calcium (72-436 mg/l), Magnesium 14.6-151.2 mg/l), Sodium (126.5-1254.9 mg/l) and Potassium (1.9-60.6 mg/l) were found to be higher than the natural background level of groundwater. This indicates the groundwater pollution in selected water samples from 12 sampling sites from Feb. to May 2011 of Agra city. The results considered that the groundwater of the study area in general cannot be considered as good quality

Estimates of genetic components and regression analysis for grain yield and various morphological traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present study was conducted to estimate the gentic components and regression analysis for grain yield and various morphological traits in bread wheat involving 10 parents and their 45 F1s (half diallel) during 2012- 13 and 2013-14. Significant additive (D) and dominance (H1) variance for the traits indicated that expression of these traits is control by both additive and dominance gene action. Average degree of dominance (H1/D)1/2 were more than unity for the traits (peduncle length, flag leaf area, productive tillers, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index) indicating the preponderance of over dominance gene action. The estimates of h2 were positive and significant for days to ear emergence, peduncle length, productive tillers, biological yield and grain yield indicated dominance of genetic components in F1s. Positive and significant values of F were estimated for days to ear emergence, days to 50% flowering, spike length, flag leaf area and grain yield in F1s indicating the preponderance of dominance and positive genes in the parents involved. The theoretical value (0.25) of (H2/4H1) for all the traits indicated asymmetrical distribution of positive and negative genes. The proportion of dominant and recessive alleles indicated presence of dominant alleles in the parents. The traits showing more than 30% narrow sanse heritability could be rewarding for further improvement in grain yield in bread wheat. Regression analysis indicated that the traits (days to ear emergence, days to 50% flowering, peduncle length, flag leaf area, productive tillers, harvest index, biological yield and grain yield) control by over dominance type of gene action. The parent RAJ 4246 contained maximum dominant genes for days to ear emergence and days to 50% flowering; HD 2733 for spike length and flag leaf area and HD 2824 for productive tillers, biological yield and grain yield used as donors in multiple traits breeding programme to develop high yielding wheat genotypes