593 research outputs found
Extracting few representative reconciliations with Host-Switches (Extended Abstract)
Phylogenetic tree reconciliation is the approach commonly used to in- vestigate the coevolution of sets of organisms such as hosts and symbionts. Given a phylogenetic tree for each such set, respectively denoted by H and S, together with a mapping Ï of the leaves of S to the leaves of H, a reconciliation is a mapping Ï of the internal vertices of S to the vertices of H which extends Ï with some constraints.
Given a cost for each reconciliation, a huge number of most parsimonious ones are possible, even exponential in the dimension of the trees. Without further information, any biological interpretation of the underlying coevolution would require that all optimal solutions are enumerated and examined. The latter is however impossible without pro- viding some sort of high level view of the situation. One approach would be to extract a small number of representatives, based on some notion of similarity or of equivalence between the reconciliations.
In this paper, we define two equivalence relations that allow one to identify many reconciliations with a single one, thereby reducing their number. Extensive experiments indicate that the number of output solutions greatly decreases in general. By how much clearly depends on the constraints that are given as input
Collectionneurs d'art contemporain, des acteurs méconnus de la vie artistique
Sâappuyant sur une revue de la littĂ©rature et sur une vaste enquĂȘte quantitative (330 questionnaires) et qualitative (70 entretiens en face Ă face), cet ouvrage offre un portrait renouvelĂ© des collectionneurs dâart contemporain. De façon attendue, ils sont majoritairement aisĂ©s, diplĂŽmĂ©s et franciliens. Mais, au-delĂ de ces traits dominants, se cache une multitude dâindividus singuliers dans leurs motivations, leurs dĂ©marches, leurs façons de collectionner. Certains sont des Ă©picuriens de la collection et cherchent dâabord Ă se faire plaisir par des acquisitions souvent Ă©clectiques. Dâautres sâemploient Ă construire la collection la plus cohĂ©rente possible, dans une attitude proche de celle dâun commissaire dâexposition. Certains entretiennent des relations distantes avec le marchĂ©, faisant confiance Ă quelques galeries auxquelles ils restent fidĂšles lorsque dâautres considĂšrent lâachat et la revente comme un Ă©lĂ©ment essentiel de leur addiction et utilisent dĂšs lors tous les canaux (galeries, ventes aux enchĂšres, artistes, webâŠ.) pour leurs acquisitions. Certains collectionnent dâabord pour cĂŽtoyer les artistes et approcher les mystĂšres de la crĂ©ation, dâautres craignent que la proximitĂ© avec ces derniers brouille, dâun voile sentimental, le jugement portĂ© sur les Ćuvres. Dans tous les cas, collectionner est le rĂ©sultat dâune imbrication de motivations. Recherche dâĂ©motion, stimulation intellectuelle, ambition sociale, intĂ©rĂȘt patrimonial se conjuguent avec des intensitĂ©s diverses pour donner naissance Ă cette addiction particuliĂšre.
Autre constat, collectionner est un processus Ă©volutif.  Les choix et les dĂ©marches se transforment ou sâaffinent  en fonction de lâapprentissage personnel de chacun : lectures, rencontres, visites dâexposition⊠Le jugement se prĂ©cise ou peut-ĂȘtre est-ce simplement la connaissance de son propre goĂ»t qui fait progressivement surface. Le rĂ©seau social crĂ©Ă© autour de la collection (avec les artistes, les galeries, les critiques ou conservateurs de musĂ©es) lui-mĂȘme Ă©volue et modifie les jeux dâinfluences, si importants sur un marchĂ© oĂč lâincertitude sur la qualitĂ© est grande. Un cheminement se dessine qui conduit le collectionneur dâun environnement de proximitĂ© avec quelques artistes et quelques galeries vers un horizon Ă©largi allant du local Ă lâinternational, dâun plaisir spontanĂ© associĂ© aux attributs de lâĆuvre Ă un dĂ©sir plus intellectuel associĂ© Ă la dĂ©marche de lâartiste.
Enfin,  la majoritĂ© des collectionneurs sâimpliquent dans la vie artistique, notamment auprĂšs de jeunes artistes Ă©mergents, bien au-delĂ des achats quâils rĂ©alisent : prĂȘts dâatelier, participation financiĂšre Ă la production dâĆuvres, accompagnement durable de galeries, ouverture dâespaces de production ou dâexposition, prĂȘts ou dons aux institutions.  Mais ces engagements sont souvent discrets. Ils jouent pourtant un rĂŽle essentiel dans lâanimation artistique des territoires. DâoĂč lâenjeu dâune meilleure coopĂ©ration entre  collectionneurs et institutions.
Sâappuyant sur une revue de la littĂ©rature et sur une vaste enquĂȘte quantitative (330 questionnaires) et qualitative (70 entretiens en face Ă face), cet ouvrage offre un portrait renouvelĂ© des collectionneurs dâart contemporain. De façon attendue, ils sont majoritairement aisĂ©s, diplĂŽmĂ©s et franciliens. Mais, au-delĂ de ces traits dominants, se cache une multitude dâindividus singuliers dans leurs motivations, leurs dĂ©marches, leurs façons de collectionner. Certains sont des Ă©picuriens de la collection et cherchent dâabord Ă se faire plaisir par des acquisitions souvent Ă©clectiques. Dâautres sâemploient Ă construire la collection la plus cohĂ©rente possible, dans une attitude proche de celle dâun commissaire dâexposition. Certains entretiennent des relations distantes avec le marchĂ©, faisant confiance Ă quelques galeries auxquelles ils restent fidĂšles lorsque dâautres considĂšrent lâachat et la revente comme un Ă©lĂ©ment essentiel de leur addiction et utilisent dĂšs lors tous les canaux (galeries, ventes aux enchĂšres, artistes, webâŠ.) pour leurs acquisitions. Certains collectionnent dâabord pour cĂŽtoyer les artistes et approcher les mystĂšres de la crĂ©ation, dâautres craignent que la proximitĂ© avec ces derniers brouille, dâun voile sentimental, le jugement portĂ© sur les Ćuvres. Dans tous les cas, collectionner est le rĂ©sultat dâune imbrication de motivations. Recherche dâĂ©motion, stimulation intellectuelle, ambition sociale, intĂ©rĂȘt patrimonial se conjuguent avec des intensitĂ©s diverses pour donner naissance Ă cette addiction particuliĂšre.
Autre constat, collectionner est un processus Ă©volutif.  Les choix et les dĂ©marches se transforment ou sâaffinent  en fonction de lâapprentissage personnel de chacun : lectures, rencontres, visites dâexposition⊠Le jugement se prĂ©cise ou peut-ĂȘtre est-ce simplement la connaissance de son propre goĂ»t qui fait progressivement surface. Le rĂ©seau social crĂ©Ă© autour de la collection (avec les artistes, les galeries, les critiques ou conservateurs de musĂ©es) lui-mĂȘme Ă©volue et modifie les jeux dâinfluences, si importants sur un marchĂ© oĂč lâincertitude sur la qualitĂ© est grande. Un cheminement se dessine qui conduit le collectionneur dâun environnement de proximitĂ© avec quelques artistes et quelques galeries vers un horizon Ă©largi allant du local Ă lâinternational, dâun plaisir spontanĂ© associĂ© aux attributs de lâĆuvre Ă un dĂ©sir plus intellectuel associĂ© Ă la dĂ©marche de lâartiste.
Enfin,  la majoritĂ© des collectionneurs sâimpliquent dans la vie artistique, notamment auprĂšs de jeunes artistes Ă©mergents, bien au-delĂ des achats quâils rĂ©alisent : prĂȘts dâatelier, participation financiĂšre Ă la production dâĆuvres, accompagnement durable de galeries, ouverture dâespaces de production ou dâexposition, prĂȘts ou dons aux institutions.  Mais ces engagements sont souvent discrets. Ils jouent pourtant un rĂŽle essentiel dans lâanimation artistique des territoires. DâoĂč lâenjeu dâune meilleure coopĂ©ration entre  collectionneurs et institutions
Prise en compte de lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des prĂ©fĂ©rences dans le cadre de la mĂ©thode des choix multi-attributs : application Ă un bien culturel public Ă vocation non touristique
Taking into account the heterogeneity of preferences in the choice experiment method : application to a non-tourist public cultural goodAs noted by W. J. Baumol, many cultural activities would not exist without public subsidies. The legitimation of these expenditures is all the more likely to occur if cultural preferences of individuals are taken into account when designing projects. In this sense, we apply the Choice Experiment method to the valuation of a municipal music school project intended for residents of Angers (France), avoiding a superposition of tourism and cultural concerns. Using random parameters Logit and latent class models, we show the existence of a heterogeneity of the individualsâ preferences according to their proximity to cultural and sporting activities. The results also indicate that it may be in the interest of public authorities to design a music school with a collective dimension beyond the interests of the only future users
RIME: Repeat Identification
We present an algorithm for detecting long similar fragments occurring at least twice in a set of biological sequences. The problem becomes computationally challenging when the frequency of a repeat is allowed to increase and when a non-negligible number of insertions, deletions and substitutions are allowed. We introduce in this paper an algorithm, Rime1 1 Rime is also a reference to Coleridge's poem "The Rime of an Ancient Mariner" which contains many repetitions as a poetic device. (for Repeat Identification: long, Multiple, and with Edits) that performs this task, and manages instances whose size and combination of parameters cannot be handled by other currently existing methods. This is achieved by using a filter as a preprocessing step, and by then exploiting the information gathered by the filter in the following actual repeat inference step. To the best of our knowledge, Rime is the first algorithm that can accurately deal with very long repeats (up to a few thousands), occurring possibly several times, and with a rate of differences (substitutions and indels) allowed among copies of a same repeat of 10-15% or even more
A general framework for enumerating equivalence classes of solutions
When a problem has more than one solution, it is often important, depending on the underlying context, to enumerate (i.e., to list) them all. Even when the enumeration can be done in polynomial delay, that is, spending no more than polynomial time to go from one solution to the next, this can be costly as the number of solutions themselves may be huge, including sometimes exponential. Furthermore, depending on the application, many of these solutions can be considered equivalent. The problem of an efficient enumeration of the equivalence classes or of one representative per class (without generating all the solutions), although identified as a need in many areas, has been addressed only for very few specific cases. In this paper, we provide a general framework that solves this problem in polynomial delay for a wide variety of contexts, including optimization ones that can be addressed by dynamic programming algorithms, and for certain types of equivalence relations between solutions
Algorithms for the quantitative Lock/Key model of cytoplasmic incompatibility
Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) relates to the manipulation by the parasite Wolbachia of its host reproduction. Despite its widespread occurrence, the molecular basis of CI remains unclear and theoretical models have been proposed to understand the phenomenon. We consider in this paper the quantitative Lock-Key model which currently represents a good hypothesis that is consistent with the data available. CI is in this case modelled as the problem of covering the edges of a bipartite graph with the minimum number of chain subgraphs. This problem is already known to be NP-hard, and we provide an exponential algorithm with a non trivial complexity. It is frequent that depending on the dataset, there may be many optimal solutions which can be biologically quite different among them. To rely on a single optimal solution may therefore be problematic. To this purpose, we address the problem of enumerating (listing) all minimal chain subgraph covers of a bipartite graph and show that it can be solved in quasi-polynomial time. Interestingly, in order to solve the above problems, we considered also the problem of enumerating all the maximal chain subgraphs of a bipartite graph and improved on the current results in the literature for the latter. Finally, to demonstrate the usefulness of our methods we show an application on a real dataset
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