Reducing the Packets Loss Using New MAC Protocol

Data move from one point to another point is very important for any network. A Network is mainly used the Mac protocol for communication. The Mac layer could be a sublayer of the data link layer. It is accountable for providing dependableness to the higher layers for purpose to point connections established by the physical layer. Technically, the Mac sublayer is the bottom part of the data link layer of the OSI model. The M ac protocols to confirm that signals sent from completely different stations across a similar channel do not collide. In this work I have implemented a novel cross layer protocol - SNAPdMAC.The protocol adjusts the upper and lower bounds of the contention window to lower the number of collisions. It also uses a power control scheme, triggered by the MAC layer to limit the packet loss, energy wastage and to decrease the number of collisions. The protocol has been implemented an d then compared with two other Mac protocols in ns2 namely: 802.11 MAC Protocol Standard and Sensor MAC (S - Mac) protocol. I will compare the protocols based on the total number of packets received and also compared them based on the network lifetime. The results show that SNAPd MAC per forms fairly better than the standard 802.11 protocols

An EPQ model with trapezoidal demand under volume flexibility

In this paper, we explored an economic production quantity model (EPQ) model for finite production rate and deteriorating items with time-dependent trapezoidal demand. The objective of the model under study is to determine the optimal production run-time as well as the number of production cycle in order to maximize the profit. Numerical example is also given to illustrate the model and sensitivity analyses regarding various parameters are performed to study their effects on the optimal policy

Two-warehouse Inventory Model with Multivariate Demand and K-release Rule

AbstractIn this paper, we’ve projected a two-warehouse inventory model for deteriorating things beneath the impact of inflation and continuance of cash, wherever demand follows a rare combination of the linear time variable and on-hand inventory level. In one in the entire warehouse (OW), time-varying linear deterioration was thought-about and within the different (RW) weibull distributed deterioration was studied. Here, shortages were allowed and part backlogged. The stock is transferred from the RW to the OW following a bulk unharness rule. The target here is to seek out the optimum amount to that ought to be ordered and also the optimum variety of cycles during which the number from RW should be transferred to OW to maximize world wide web profit per unit time. The model has additionally been exemplified with the many numerical examples. The results have additionally been understood diagrammatically

Degumming Characteristics of Silk Filaments Spun under Varied Climatic Conditions of Temperature and Relative Humidity

Silk is composed of two proteins viz., sericin and fibroin. In-vitro studies confirmed that structure formation of fibroinvaried with the speed of casting. On the other hand, structural deformations and advancement in the structure of sericin was observed with the variation in the time required for settling. Prolonged duration in settling will result in the formation of compact structures. Sericin being hydrophilic, the settling duration increased with an increase in the moisture content.Silkworms being poikilothermic exhibit greater fluctuation in their physiological activities in response to the variations inthe environmental conditions. During cocoon spinning, the speed increases with increase in the temperature resulting inshorter spinning durations. On the contrary, though relative humidity has no significant effect on the physiologicalbehaviour of silkworms, cocoons spun under higher humidities are characterized by lowreelability and lower silk recovery percentages. The present study correlates the implications of physiological behaviour of silkworm as a consequence ofvariation in the environmental conditions of temperature and relative humidity on the structure formation of fibroin and sericin, In turn, on the degumming behavior of silk filaments. Significant variation in the trend for degumming weight losspercentages was observed among different categories of filament produced. It is inferred that the in-vitro behaviouralcharacteristics of silk proteins, more or less remain applicable to in-vivo conditions also

ASSOCIATION of QT INTERVAL INDICES WITH CARDIAC AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY IN DIABETIC PATIENTS

Relevance. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a severely debilitating yet underdiagnosed condition in patients with diabetes. The prevalence can range from 2.5% (based on the primary prevention cohort in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial) to as high as 90% of diabetic patients. Clinical manifestations range from orthostasis to myocardial infarction. The diagnosis is made using multiple autonomic function tests to assess both sympathetic and parasympathetic function.  Objective: this study was conducted to assess the relationship between Cardiac autonomic neuropathy and QT interval. Methods.  Cross sectional study was conducted in 100 patients attending tertiary care hospital. Deep breathing test, Valsalva ratio, immediate heart rate response to standing 30:15, B.P rise with sustained hand grip and postural hypotension. Scoring was done for cardiac autonomic neuropathy. QT interval and QTc interval were determined and association with CAN was obtained. Results. Out of 100 type-2 diabetic patients, 60% were males and 40% females. 25 patients having no cardiac autonomic neuropathy and had no prolonged QTc interval. While, 75 patients had QTc prolonged were associated with early and severe CAN cardiac autonomic neuropathy. The prolonged QTc was significantly associated with CAN in diabetic patients when compared without-CAN and controls (P<0001). Conclusion. Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy is associated with increase in prolongation of QTc intervals. Hence there is need for regular checkup of autonomic nervous system in diabetic patient to prevent further complications

Assessment of genetic variability and character association for grain yield and its component traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A study was conducted for estimating genetic variability and characters association for eleven yield components using 169 genotypes (13 parents, 78 F1 and 78 F2) of bread wheat through half-diallel mating design during rabi season 2012-13 and 2013-14. The genetic variability, heritability in broad sense, genetic advance, correlation coefficients and path analysis were carried out for the assessment of genotypes through eleven yield component traits namely; days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, number of effective tillers per plant, number of grains per spikelet, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index and grain yield per plant. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (at1% level of significance) for all the traits under study in both the generations (F1 and F2). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were high for plant height followed by number of effective tillers per plant, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, while high heritability coupled with high genetic advance were recorded for plant height and spike length in both F1 and F2 generations, respectively. Grain yield per plant was positively and significantly associated with a number of effective tillers per plant, spike length, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index while significantly but negatively associated with plant height. Path analysis revealed that the traits namely biological yield per plant, number of effective tillers per plant, number of grains per spike, plant height and harvest index exhibited positive direct effects on grain yield at both phenotypic and genotypic level in both generation (F1 and F2). These results, thereby suggests that yield improvement in breads wheats could be possible by emphasizing these traits while making selections in early generations

Understanding the evolution of catalytically active multi-metal sites in a bifunctional high-entropy alloy electrocatalyst for zinc–air battery application

Zinc–air batteries are known for high theoretical energy density and environmental friendliness. The successful commercial utilization of rechargeable zinc–air batteries is limited by unstable electrochemical interfaces and sluggish kinetics with poor round-trip efficiency. In this study, we report a nanocrystalline high entropy alloy (HEA) comprising Cu–Co–Mn–Ni–Fe (CCMNF) prepared by casting-cum-cryomilling method. This multi-component HEA embodies multiple catalytically active sites with diverse functionalities, thus enhancing the electrochemical redox reactions, e.g., oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The bifunctional electrocatalytic performance of this HEA is comparable to that of standard catalysts, RuO2 and Pt/C, as evidenced by low overpotential requirements towards OER and ORR. The HEA was tested for use in the air electrode catalyst in the zinc–air battery, where it performed stable oxygen electrocatalysis that was durable over 1045 charging–discharging cycles for ∼90 hours of continuous operation. The microstructural analysis of HEA at different time scales (0, 24, 87 h) during the zinc–air battery operation suggested a dynamic participation of multiple metal active sites on the catalyst surface. Detailed studies revealed that despite leaching in harsh alkaline operation conditions, the synergistic electronic interactions between the component metal sites sustained good electrocatalytic performance and promoted oxygen electrocatalysis through the modification of electronic and chemical properties

Bat mortality due to collision with wind turbines in Kutch District, Gujarat, India

Globally, India is at fifth position in wind power generation with an installed capacity of 14550 MW. Based onrecent reports from certain parts of the world there is also a growing concern on the environmental impact of wind turbines on bats and birds in other places too. In the Indian context the impact of wind farms on birds and bats are less studied with very little scientific literature available on the subject. Since September 2011, we have been conducting research on birds and bats mortality in wind farms of Kutch District, Gujarat, India. During the study period two carcasses of the Greater Mouse-tailed Bat Rhinopoma microphyllum were recorded due to collision with wind turbines

Superconformal Multi-Black Hole Moduli Spaces in Four Dimensions

Quantum mechanics on the moduli space of N supersymmetric Reissner-Nordstrom black holes is shown to admit 4 supersymmetries using an unconventional supermultiplet which contains 3N bosons and 4N fermions. A near-horizon limit is found in which the quantum mechanics of widely separated black holes decouples from that of strongly-interacting, near-coincident black holes. This near-horizon theory is shown to have an enhanced D(2,1;0) superconformal symmetry. The bosonic symmetries are SL(2,R) conformal symmetry and SU(2)xSU(2) R-symmetry arising from spatial rotations and the R-symmetry of N=2 supergravity.Comment: 23 pages, harvmac. v2: many typos fixe

Improvement of cast nephropathy with plasma exchange depends on the diagnosis and on reduction of serum free light chains

Cast nephropathy is the most common cause of renal disease in multiple myeloma, however, treatment with plasma exchange remains controversial even after 3 randomized controlled studies. We sought to determine the importance of diagnostic confirmation and goal directed therapy in the treatment of cast nephropathy in forty patients with confirmed multiple myeloma and renal failure who underwent plasma exchange. A positive renal response was defined as a decrease by half in the presenting serum creatinine and dialysis independence. No baseline differences were noted between eventual renal responders and non-responders. Three quarters of the patients with biopsy proven cast nephropathy resolved their renal disease when the free light chains present in the serum were reduced by half or more but there was no significant response when the reduction was less. The median time to a response was about 2 months. In patients without cast nephropathy, renal recovery occurred despite reductions in free light chain levels of the serum. No association was found between free light chains in the serum, urinary monoclonal proteins, overall proteinuria and cast nephropathy. We found that the relationship between renal recovery and free light chain reduction was present only in patients with biopsy proven cast nephropathy showing the importance of extracorporeal light chain removal in this disease