Synthesis of Quantum Logic Circuits

We discuss efficient quantum logic circuits which perform two tasks: (i) implementing generic quantum computations and (ii) initializing quantum registers. In contrast to conventional computing, the latter task is nontrivial because the state-space of an n-qubit register is not finite and contains exponential superpositions of classical bit strings. Our proposed circuits are asymptotically optimal for respective tasks and improve published results by at least a factor of two. The circuits for generic quantum computation constructed by our algorithms are the most efficient known today in terms of the number of expensive gates (quantum controlled-NOTs). They are based on an analogue of the Shannon decomposition of Boolean functions and a new circuit block, quantum multiplexor, that generalizes several known constructions. A theoretical lower bound implies that our circuits cannot be improved by more than a factor of two. We additionally show how to accommodate the severe architectural limitation of using only nearest-neighbor gates that is representative of current implementation technologies. This increases the number of gates by almost an order of magnitude, but preserves the asymptotic optimality of gate counts.Comment: 18 pages; v5 fixes minor bugs; v4 is a complete rewrite of v3, with 6x more content, a theory of quantum multiplexors and Quantum Shannon Decomposition. A key result on generic circuit synthesis has been improved to ~23/48*4^n CNOTs for n qubit

Astroglial Plasticity Is Implicated in Hippocampal Remodelling in Adult Rats Exposed to Antenatal Dexamethasone

The long-term effects of antenatal dexamethasone treatment on brain remodelling in 3-months old male Sprague-Dawley rats whose mothers had been treated with dexamethasone were investigated in the present study. Dorsal hippocampus, basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens volume, cell numbers and GFAP-immunoreactive astroglial cell morphology were analysed using stereology. Total brain volume as assessed by microCT was not affected by the treatment. The relative volume of the dorsal hippocampus (% of total brain volume) showed a moderate, by 8%, but significant reduction in dexamethasone-treated vs control animals. Dexamethasone had no effect on the total and GFAP-positive cell numbers in the hippocampal sub-regions, basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Morphological analysis indicated that numbers of astroglial primary processes were not affected in any of the hippocampal sub-regions analysed but significant reductions in the total primary process length were observed in CA1 by 32%, CA3 by 50% and DG by 25%. Mean primary process length values were also significantly decreased in CA1 by 25%, CA3 by 45% and DG by 25%. No significant astroglial morphological changes were found in basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens. We propose that the dexamethasone-dependent impoverishment of hippocampal astroglial morphology is the case of maladaptive glial plasticity induced prenatally

Efficient quantum algorithm for preparing molecular-system-like states on a quantum computer

We present an efficient quantum algorithm for preparing a pure state on a quantum computer, where the quantum state corresponds to that of a molecular system with a given number $m$ of electrons occupying a given number $n$ of spin orbitals. Each spin orbital is mapped to a qubit: the states $| 1 >$ and $| 0>$ of the qubit represent, respectively, whether the spin orbital is occupied by an electron or not. To prepare a general state in the full Hilbert space of $n$ qubits, which is of dimension $2^{n}$%, $O(2^{n})$ controlled-NOT gates are needed, i.e., the number of gates scales \emph{exponentially} with the number of qubits. We make use of the fact that the state to be prepared lies in a smaller Hilbert space, and we find an algorithm that requires at most $O(2^{m+1} n^{m}/{m!})$ gates, i.e., scales \emph{polynomially} with the number of qubits $n$, provided $n\gg m$. The algorithm is simulated numerically for the cases of the hydrogen molecule and the water molecule. The numerical simulations show that when additional symmetries of the system are considered, the number of gates to prepare the state can be drastically reduced, in the examples considered in this paper, by several orders of magnitude, from the above estimate.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, errors are corrected, Journal information adde

Connected Component Algorithm for Gestures Recognition

This paper presents head and hand gestures recognition system for Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Head and Hand gestures are an important modality for human computer interaction. Vision based recognition system can give computers the capability of understanding and responding to the hand and head gestures. The aim of this paper is the proposal of real time vision system for its application within a multimedia interaction environment. This recognition system consists of four modules, i.e. capturing the image, image extraction, pattern matching and command determination. If hand and head gestures are shown in front of the camera, hardware will perform respective action. Gestures are matched with the stored database of gestures using pattern matching. Corresponding to matched gesture, the hardware is moved in left, right, forward and backward directions. An algorithm for optimizing connected component in gesture recognition is proposed, which makes use of segmentation in two images. Connected component algorithm scans an image and group its pixels into component based on pixel connectivity i.e. all pixels in connected component share similar pixel intensity values and are in some way connected with each other. Once all groups have been determined, each pixel is labeled with a color according to component it was assigned to

Minimal Universal Two-qubit Quantum Circuits

We give quantum circuits that simulate an arbitrary two-qubit unitary operator up to global phase. For several quantum gate libraries we prove that gate counts are optimal in worst and average cases. Our lower and upper bounds compare favorably to previously published results. Temporary storage is not used because it tends to be expensive in physical implementations. For each gate library, best gate counts can be achieved by a single universal circuit. To compute gate parameters in universal circuits, we only use closed-form algebraic expressions, and in particular do not rely on matrix exponentials. Our algorithm has been coded in C++.Comment: 8 pages, 2 tables and 4 figures. v3 adds a discussion of asymetry between Rx, Ry and Rz gates and describes a subtle circuit design problem arising when Ry gates are not available. v2 sharpens one of the loose bounds in v1. Proof techniques in v2 are noticeably revamped: they now rely less on circuit identities and more on directly-computed invariants of two-qubit operators. This makes proofs more constructive and easier to interpret as algorithm

Floc-Flotation of Chalcopyrite from a Low Grade Cu-Zn Ore

A low grade Cu-Zn ore sample assaying 0.2% Cuand 3.6% Zn was sent by MECL for bench scale beneficiation studies to IBM, Ajmer with an objective to evolve a suitable process flow-sheet for the production of marketable grade concen-trates. Preliminary flotation studies with the ore sample indicated that it was possible to generate bulk Cu-Zn concentrate and individual Zn concentrate of marketable grade with reasonably good recovery. However, individual Cu concentrate of marketable grad was not obtained. Hence, floc-flotation technique was adopted on the ore sample to upgrade the Cu concentrate. Several parameters including pH, kerosene addition, choice of suitable frother, parti-cle size, stirring strength have been investigated for their effect on floc flotation. The floc-flotation process yielded a Cu concentrate assaying 26.42% Cu with 67% Cu recovery with wt % yield of 0.5 and 132.35 enrichment ratio. In this process addition of kerosene induces the hydrophobic flocculation which leads to the size enlarge-ment of desired mineral fines through selective aggregat-ion and enhance the flotation of chalcopyrite fine partic-les as flocs. This study demonstrates that flocflotation is a promising means for the recovery of Cu mineral fines from low grade ore sample

Pedestrian Dynamics: Feedback Control of Crowd Evacuation

Effective evacuation of people from closed spaces is an extremely important topic, since it can save real lives in emergency situations that can be brought about by natural and human made disasters. Usually there are static maps posted at various places at buildings that illustrate routes that should be taken during emergencies. However, when disasters happen, some of these routes might not be valid because of structural problems due to the disaster itself and more importantly because of the distribution of congestion of people spread over the area. The average flow of traffic depends on the traffic density. Therefore, if all the people follow the same route, or follow a route without knowing the congestion situation, they can end up being part of the congestion which results in very low flow rate or worse a traffic jam. Hence it becomes extremely important to design evacuations that inform people how fast and in which direction to move based on real-time information obtained about the people distribution using various sensors. The sensors used can include cameras, infra red sensors etc., and the technology used to inform people about the desired movement can be communicated using light matrix, small speakers, and in the future using wireless PDAs. This book provides mathematical models of pedestrian movements that can be used specifically for designing feedback control laws for effective evacuation. The book also provides various feedback control laws to accomplish the effective evacuation. The book uses the hydrodynamic hyperbolic PDE macroscopic pedestrian models since they are amenable to feedback control design. The control designs are obtained through different nonlinear techniques including Lyapunov functional techniques, feedback linearization in the distributed model, and some discretized techniques

The cardinality of the augmentation category of a Legendrian link

We introduce a notion of cardinality for the augmentation category associated to a Legendrian knot or link in standard contact R^3. This `homotopy cardinality' is an invariant of the category and allows for a weighted count of augmentations, which we prove to be determined by the ruling polynomial of the link. We present an application to the augmentation category of doubly Lagrangian slice knots

Clinico-hematological evaluation in cases of pancytopenia at tertiary care centre: largest cross-sectional study

Background:  Pancytopenia is characterised by a reduction in all the three cellular elements of blood (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets) below the normal reference range leading to anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. It is a feature of many serious conditions. The present study was conducted to assess aetiology, clinical profile and bone marrow morphology of conditions presenting with pancytopenia.Methods: A two years cross-sectional study from July 2017 to June 2019 was conducted in the Department of Pathology. Total of 300 pancytopenia patient were studied and their clinical features, peripheral smear finding and bone marrow morphology were studied by using marrow aspiration and biopsy.Results: Among 300 cases studied, maximum patients were in the age group 11-20 years (19.66%) with male (50.66%) predominance. Most of the patients presented with weakness (91.66%) and fever (56.66%) as chief complains. The commonest physical finding was pallor (94%) followed by splenomegaly (27.33%). Macrocytic anaemia (43.66%) was commonest peripheral finding. The commonest cause of pancytopenia was megaloblastic anaemia (32.66%) followed by dimorphic anaemia (21%), aplastic anaemia (16%) and acute leukaemia (13.33%).Conclusions: The present study concludes that detailed clinical history, primary haematological investigations along with bone marrow examinations is essential to determine the cause of pancytopenia

Energy Monitoring System

In new era, effective utilization of electrical energy is a major task for the power engineers. Energy Monitoring Systems such as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, Distributed Controlled System (DCS) etc may serve the purpose of monitoring the electrical energy generated and its availability for use to the consumers. Many power engineers proposed that, if 1 watt of energy saved at the consumer end is equal to 2 watts of energy available at the generation side. Energy monitoring typically involves- data collection and review, plant surveys and system measurements, observation and review of operating practices, data analysis. This research helps to study the run-time analysis of both renewable and non-renewable sources of electrical energy with the help of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) which controls the load in industry. The overall automation of the industry is monitored by SCADA software after interfacing with the PLC