Bambangan (Mangifera pajang) kernel fat: a potential new source of cocoa butter alternative

Bambangan (Mangifera pajang) is one of the underutilised tropical fruits found in the Borneo islands (Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei). The physicochemical and thermal properties of bambangan kernel fat (BKF) were investigated in an effort to identify an innovative fat that could be exploited in confectionery applications. The fatty acids and triglyceride (TG) contents, melting behaviour and solid fat content (SFC) of the BKF were determined by various chromatographic and thermal techniques. BKF had three main TGs, namely 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl-glycerol (POS) (11.6%), 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (SOS) (28.7%) and 1-stearoyl-2,3-dioleoyl-glycerol (SOO) (11.2%), with SOS being the major component. Stearic, oleic and palmitic acids were the dominant fatty acids with the area percentage of 36.4%, 44.5% and 8.4%, respectively. The melting behaviour indicated a single curve with only one maximum shoulder. With respect to the physicochemical and thermal properties, BKF is ideal for use in formulations (blending components) as an alternative to CB in food products, especially confectionary products

Nutritional values and microencapsulation techniques of fish oil from different sources: A mini review

Fish oil is commonly consumed as dietary supplement due to its richness in long-chain polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, Omega-3. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients that are important in preventing heart disease and also vital in human early development stage. Fish oil-based supplements can easily be found in global market and may vary in concentrations, forms, and purity. The main concerns on those available fish oil-based products are on their freshness and stability, since Omega-3 fatty acids are prone to oxidation and release unpleasant smell. In recent years, microencapsulation technology received significant increment in demand as it was continuously applied in food and pharmaceutical industries. Mechanisms of these techniques involved the formation of emulsion containing the core (fish oil) and the coating materials. The present review aims to compile findings and scientific research of nutritional values and microencapsulation techniques of fish oil. The sources of fish oil, therapeutic benefits, and bioactive compound constituents, different microencapsulation techniques, coating materials formulations, advantages and challenges on the current available microencapsulation techniques are also discussed and reviewed

Nutritional values and microencapsulation techniques of fish oil from different sources: A mini review

ish oil is commonly consumed as dietary supplement due to its richness in long-chain polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, Omega-3. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients that are important in prevent- ing heart disease and also vital in human early development stage. Fish oil-based supplements can easily be found in global market and may vary in concentrations, forms, and purity. The main concerns on those available fish oil-based products are on their freshness and stability, since Omega-3 fatty acids are prone to oxidation and release unpleasant smell. In recent years, microencapsulation technology received sig- nificant increment in demand as it was continuously applied in food and pharmaceutical industries. Mechanisms of these techniques involved the formation of emulsion containing the core (fish oil) and the coating materials. The present review aims to compile findings and scientific research of nutritional values and microencapsulation techniques of fish oil. The sources of fish oil, therapeutic benefits, and bioactive compound constituents, different microencapsulation techniques, coating materials formula- tions, advantages and challenges on the current available microencapsulation techniques are also dis- cussed and reviewed

Valuable components of bambangan fruit (Mangifera pajang) and its co-products: a review

Fruits are important food commodities that can be consumed either raw or processed and are valued for their taste, nutrients, and healthy compounds. Mangifera pajang Kosterm (bambangan) is an underutilized fruit found in Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak), Brunei, and Indonesia (Kalimantan). It is highly fibrous and juicy with an aromatic flavour and strong smell. In recent years, bambangan fruit has been gaining more attention due to its high fibre, carotenoid content, antioxidant properties, phytochemicals, and medicinal usages. Therefore, the production, trade, and consumption of bambangan fruit could be increased significantly, both domestically and internationally, because of its nutritional value. The identification and quantification of bioactive compounds in bambangan fruit has led to considerable interest among scientists. Bambangan fruit and its waste, especially its seeds and peels, are considered cheap sources of valuable food and are considered nutraceutical ingredients that could be used to prevent various diseases. The use of bambangan fruit waste co-products for the production of bioactive components is an important step towards sustainable development. This is an updated report on the nutritional composition and health-promoting phytochemicals of bambangan fruit and its co-products that explores their potential utilization. This review reveals that bambangan fruit and its co-products could be used as ingredients of dietary fibre powder or could be incorporated into food products (biscuits and macaroni) to enhance their nutraceutical propertie

Intensification of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extract from red pitaya (hylocereus polyrhzius) peel

Red Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is widely known for number of health benefits including cholesterol- lowering effects, protection against diabetes and cancer. This paper presents the study on extraction of phenolic compound and antioxidant activity from Red Pitaya peel using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) process with water as a solvent. The amount of phenolic compound and antioxidant activity in the extracts were studied at different sonication temperatures (25�80 °C) and ultrasonic powers (200�600 W) with constant frequency of 50 kHz. The extracts were analysed using High- Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and 1, 1- Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results showed that the extractions yield increases with the increases of extraction temperature and power. These changes are probably due to the cavitation activity that occurred during transmission of ultrasonic waves in the solvent. Temperature of 40 oC and ultrasonic power of 200 W recorded most suitable extraction conditions with total phenolic content (TPC) of 2.5084 mg/ml and high antioxidant activity of 4.5052%. The result from this study maybe useful to identify the suitable gradient condition of ultrasonic-assisted extraction and operating conditions to extract high phenolic compound and antioxidant activity from Red Pitaya’s peel

Functional and nutritional properties of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seed and its industrial application: A review

Background Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is an important commercial fruit in southeast Asia and is gaining more attention in recent years because it is juicy and sweet and has a refreshing flavour and an exotic appearance. It is commercialized for fresh consumption and is industrially processed as canned fruit, juices, jams, jellies, marmalades, and spreads. The seed is a major co-product of this industry and is worthy of attention for industrial applications and their feasibility. Scope and approach This review describes the composition of the rambutan seed, which is examined from a critical interpretation regarding the suitable use of this co-product. This review also compares the total yield, physicochemical and thermal properties of its fat for the purpose of evaluating the potential of this fruit co-product as a source of natural edible fat with potential industrial uses. Key findings and conclusions Rambutan seed is a major co-product of the industry that has high premium-grade fat, protein, carbohydrate, fibre, antioxidants, and phenolic content and that can be used in several segments of the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Rambutan seed powders are also used as local medicine (they contain antidiabetic compounds) in Malaysia. To determine the effectiveness of raw rambutan seeds in treating diseases, in vivo and human clinical studies should be performed. Research should also continue to determine if rambutan seed fat can be fractionated, chemical and enzymatic interesterified, and blended with other fats to make cocoa butter alternatives. Comprehensive studies are needed on rambutan seed to explore more potential industrial applications

Functional and nutritional properties of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seed and its industrial application: A review

Background Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is an important commercial fruit in southeast Asia and is gaining more attention in recent years because it is juicy and sweet and has a refreshing flavour and an exotic appearance. It is commercialized for fresh consumption and is industrially processed as canned fruit, juices, jams, jellies, marmalades, and spreads. The seed is a major co-product of this industry and is worthy of attention for industrial applications and their feasibility. Scope and approach This review describes the composition of the rambutan seed, which is examined from a critical interpretation regarding the suitable use of this co-product. This review also compares the total yield, physicochemical and thermal properties of its fat for the purpose of evaluating the potential of this fruit co-product as a source of natural edible fat with potential industrial uses. Key findings and conclusions Rambutan seed is a major co-product of the industry that has high premium-grade fat, protein, carbohydrate, fibre, antioxidants, and phenolic content and that can be used in several segments of the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Rambutan seed powders are also used as local medicine (they contain antidiabetic compounds) in Malaysia. To determine the effectiveness of raw rambutan seeds in treating diseases, in vivo and human clinical studies should be performed. Research should also continue to determine if rambutan seed fat can be fractionated, chemical and enzymatic interesterified, and blended with other fats to make cocoa butter alternatives. Comprehensive studies are needed on rambutan seed to explore more potential industrial applications

Changes in microstructures of rambutan seed and the quality of its fat during drying

The application of pre-treatment on oilseeds prior to extraction process may exert undesirable impact towards the quality of oils as well as microstructures of seed. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efects of three drying methods on the microstructures of rambutan seeds and its efects on physicochemical properties of rambutan seed fat (RSF). The fats that being pre-treated with three diferent drying methods showed shrinkage or alteration of porous structure in terms of size, shape, and diameter. The diferences between the RSF pre-treated with oven-, freeze-, and cabinet drying RSF were in fatty acids (oleic and arachidic acids), and free fatty acid (1.56–1.80 mg KOH/g fat). From the results obtained, the useful information regarding to the efects of pre-treatment on RSF, which is a potent ingredient to be used as a cocoa butter substitute in the formulation of chocolate in the confectionery industries. Moreover, the outcomes of this work able to provide information for better grasp about the correlation of drying methods and quality of RSFs, as well as its applications in other food industries

Techniques for the extraction of phytosterols and their benefits in human health: a review

This review summarizes the information on the health-promoting effects of phytosterols and the techniques for their extraction. The extraction and analysis processes of phytosterols are complex and have not been fully established. Phytosterols have significant roles in the areas of foods, nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Free phytosterols extracted from plant sources are widely used in fortified foods and dietary supplements. Most phytosterols are extracted from plant matrices using organic solvents which are health and environmental hazards. However, the application of supercritical fluid in the extraction of phytosterols has offered a promising green technology in overcoming the limitations of conventional extraction