5 research outputs found
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES BASED ON FRUIT DISTILLATES
One of the promising raw materials types for alcoholic beverages production, which have a peculiar aroma and taste, is the ashberry (red), widespread throughout the Russian Federation. The aim of the research was to develop an innovative technology for alcoholic beverages from the red ashberry based on the study of the raw materials biochemical composition transformation during its processing, maceration, fermentation, distillation, as well as its effect on the volatile components composition of distillate and the processing conditions of the finished alcoholic beverage. Fermented pulp of red ashberry, distillates and alcoholic beverage blends from ashberry were used as objects of the study. To determine the organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators in the work, standardized analysis methods and certified methods were used. The effect of various yeast races and fermentation conditions on the change in biochemical composition of the red ashberry pulp was studied. For this raw material type fermentation, recommended Siha 3 yeast race. The positive effect of the Vitamon Combi fermentation activator on the fermentation efficiency and the formation of qualitative characteristics of the fermented pulp, including its amino acid composition, is shown. It was established that the optimal conditions for fermentation is the anaerobic regimen at a temperature of no higher than 22 ΒΊΠ‘. The effect of fractional distillation operating parameters in a direct distillation unit on the volatile componentsβ composition and concentration in ashberry distillate is studied. It is recommended to obtain a high-quality distillate to carry out the selection of the head fraction in the amount of 2.5% of the distilled pulp volume, and the selection of the tail fraction to start when the strength in distillate reaches 45% vol. It is shown that within 30 days of exposure in the distillate, a certain chemical equilibrium is achieved and its taste and aromatic characteristics are harmonized. The blending conditions of the alcoholic beverage are determined and the technological processing modes are established to ensure its high consumer properties. The conducted studies have allowed to develop innovative technology for a new alcoholic beverage from red ashberry.One of the promising raw materials types for alcoholic beverages production, which have a peculiar aroma and taste, is the ashberry (red), widespread throughout the Russian Federation. The aim of the research was to develop an innovative technology for alcoholic beverages from the red ashberry based on the study of the raw materials biochemical composition transformation during its processing, maceration, fermentation, distillation, as well as its effect on the volatile components composition of distillate and the processing conditions of the finished alcoholic beverage. Fermented pulp of red ashberry, distillates and alcoholic beverage blends from ashberry were used as objects of the study. To determine the organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators in the work, standardized analysis methods and certified methods were used. The effect of various yeast races and fermentation conditions on the change in biochemical composition of the red ashberry pulp was studied. For this raw material type fermentation, recommended Siha 3 yeast race. The positive effect of the Vitamon Combi fermentation activator on the fermentation efficiency and the formation of qualitative characteristics of the fermented pulp, including its amino acid composition, is shown. It was established that the optimal conditions for fermentation is the anaerobic regimen at a temperature of no higher than 22 ΒΊΠ‘. The effect of fractional distillation operating parameters in a direct distillation unit on the volatile componentsβ composition and concentration in ashberry distillate is studied. It is recommended to obtain a high-quality distillate to carry out the selection of the head fraction in the amount of 2.5% of the distilled pulp volume, and the selection of the tail fraction to start when the strength in distillate reaches 45% vol. It is shown that within 30 days of exposure in the distillate, a certain chemical equilibrium is achieved and its taste and aromatic characteristics are harmonized. The blending conditions of the alcoholic beverage are determined and the technological processing modes are established to ensure its high consumer properties. The conducted studies have allowed to develop innovative technology for a new alcoholic beverage from red ashberry
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ
The need to develop identification criteria for fruit brandy is connected with the prevention of the sale of counterfeit products on the Russian alcohol market. Due to the variety of factors affecting the final product, the solution to this problem requires the use of a methodology based on an integrated approach. The work is devoted to its first stage β the assessment of the influence of the biochemical composition of fruit stone raw materials, as well as various technological factors on the formation of essential (identification) characteristics of products. Fresh fruits of apricots, cherry plums, cherries, dogwood and plums, as well as samples of fermented raw materials were used as objects of research. The biochemical composition of fresh fruits was assessed by the content of sugars, free organic acids, amino acids and pectin substances. It has been found that the values of all main indicators of the biochemical composition varied widely in the samples of initial raw materials. At the same time, significant differences were noted between the types of fruit raw materials in the content of free amino acids (dogwood, cherry plum up to 0.08% and 0.12%, respectively; cherry, plum and apricot up to 0.19β0.30%) and pectin substances (cherry, apricot up to 0.6β0.8%; cherry plum, dogwood, plum up to 1.2β1.3%). The following factors were studied in the work as technological factors: a method of primary processing of raw materials (obtaining pulp or juice extraction); a maceration method β without enzyme preparations and with treatment with enzyme preparations; a fermentation method β without fermentation activators and using fermentation activators. It has been established that the method for primary processing of raw materials affects the concentration of methanol, esters and higher alcohols in fermented raw materials. The use of fermentation activators contributes to an increase in the concentration of higher alcohols and esters in them by almost 2 times, and the use of individual complex enzyme preparations β by 16% and 80%, respectively. It has been shown that the methodology for developing identification criteria for fruit vodkas at the first stage should include an assessment of the physico-chemical composition of initial raw materials and individual technological factors at the stage of preparing them for distillation.ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ Β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅. Π Β ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Β ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
(ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
) ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ (ΠΊΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ», Π°Π»ΡΡΠ° β Π΄ΠΎ 0,08% ΠΈ 0,12% ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ; Π²ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ β Π΄ΠΎ 0,19β0,30%) ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² (Π²ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ, Π°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ β Π΄ΠΎ 0,6β0,8%; Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ», ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° β Π΄ΠΎ 1,2β1,3%). Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ: ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΡ (ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π·Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°); ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ β Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ; ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β Π±Π΅Π· Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π°, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² 2 ΡΠ°Π·Π°, Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² β Π½Π° 16% ΠΈ 80% ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ
Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ (Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 1. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ)
TheΒ development of reliable identification criteria for variousΒ types of foods,Β including fruitΒ vodkas,Β is oneΒ of the top-priority directions of scientific research in the field of quality control. The review examines different approaches to solution to a problem of searching identification criteria for fruit vodkas that will allow differentiating products by a type of fruitΒ raw materials, their gradeΒ and region of origin.Β To thisΒ end, instrumental methods of analysis were used, including spectral, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography coupled to massΒ spectrometry (GCβMS) as theΒ mainΒ method. WhenΒ detecting minorΒ aroma-forming substances usingΒ theΒ latter method, it is necessary, firstΒ of all, toΒ carryΒ outΒ theΒ specialΒ sample preparation that includes extraction andΒ concentration of target substances. TheΒ present reviewΒ examines three mainΒ types of sample preparation (liquidΒ extraction, solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction) andΒ modifications of these methods. TheirΒ comparative analysis was carried outΒ withΒ respect toΒ laborΒ intensity, extraction effectiveness, volatile aroma-forming compounds significantly different by polarity, reproducibility andΒ sustainability. It has beenΒ shownΒ that a type of sample preparation affectsΒ reproducibility and sensitivity of an instrumental analytic method, which is especially important for identification of someΒ minorΒ compounds, which concentration can be regarded as indicators for identification of fruitΒ raw materials. It has beenΒ concluded that amongΒ theΒ examined methods of sample preparation, the mostΒ promising for the development of identification criteria for fruit vodkas is headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) as thisΒ method is highlyΒ effective in terms of extraction of target components including minor.Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Β ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Β ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ,Β ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ,Β ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΒ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ (ΠΠΠΠ₯) ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΠ₯βΠΠ‘) Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ, Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡΒ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ 3 ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ (ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ) ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΒ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Β Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΒ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Β ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ. Π‘Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ,Β ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΒ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΒ (HS-SPME), ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ²
Quality characteristics of spirit drinks based on fruit distillates are formed mainly due to the concentration and the ratio of aroma-forming volatile components, part of which is transferred to a product from the initial raw materials. Analysis of data on the biochemical composition of the individual types of stone raw materials makes it possible to substantiate scientifically the regime parameters of the individual production stages and allows revealing adulteration. The present review considers questions concerning the search of chemical markers for fruit vodkas made on the basis of distillates from plum, cherry plum, cherry, sweet cherry, apricot and peach. The data are presented on the content of reducing sugars, titratable acidity, free amino acids, pH and sugar-acid index of the fruit raw materials under consideration. Significant variations of these indices depending on a raw material type and region of cultivation are shown. The questions of evaluation of the pectin complex in the individual types of stone raw materials are considered. The scheme of hydrolysis of pectin substances of fruit raw materials occurring at the stage of its preparation for distillation is presented. An important role of this process in formation of quality characteristics of fruit distillates and spirit drinks on their basis (fruit vodkas) is shown. The data on the composition and concentration of aroma-forming volatile components of individual types of stone raw materials are given. The data on the main physico-chemical characteristics of aroma-forming volatile components found in the fresh fruit types under consideration and methods for their analysis are presented. The generalized estimation of technological peculiarities of preparation of individual types of fruit raw materials for fermentation and distillation depending on their biochemical composition is given. In general, analysis of the data presented in this review allowed making a conclusion about prospects of investigations aimed to the development of identification indices of fruit distillates and fruit vodkas using the primary aroma-forming volatile components of raw materials.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π²Β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π°Β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ, Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ, Π°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, ΡΠ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Ρ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Β Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΒ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π²Β ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΒ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ (ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ). ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΈΒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΒ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΒ ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Β Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°. ΠΒ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Β Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΒ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΡΡ