74 research outputs found
The Leiodolide B Puzzle
Out of options? Even though a systematic approach was chosen, which led to a set of four diastereomeric macrolides modeled around the proposed structure of leiodolideâ
B (see picture), the puzzle concerning the stereostructure of this cytotoxic metabolite derived from a deep-sea sponge still remains unsolved
La rĂ©duction des effectifs dans la classe pour favoriser la rĂ©ussite scolaire: Ă©tude de lâimplantation et des retombĂ©es de la diminution du nombre dâĂ©lĂšves par classe au prĂ©scolaire et au premier cycle du primaire au QuĂ©bec
Au QuĂ©bec, la mesure de diminution du nombre dâĂ©lĂšves (DNĂ) par classe a Ă©tĂ© implantĂ©e
par le ministĂšre de lâĂducation en 2000 au prĂ©scolaire et au primaire en milieu dĂ©favorisĂ©
(Gouvernement du Québec, 1999).
Aux Ătats-Unis, la dĂ©cision du CongrĂšs, en 1999, de financer lâengagement supplĂ©mentaire
dâenseignants pour favoriser une politique dâĂ©galitĂ© des chances par le programme Class
Size Reduction (CSR) a rencontré un vif succÚs puisque, dÚs 2002, plus de la moitié des
Ă©tats amĂ©ricains avaient ramenĂ© Ă moins de 18 le nombre dâĂ©lĂšves dans les classes des trois
premiĂšres annĂ©es de lâĂ©cole primaire. La rapide adhĂ©sion Ă ce programme sâexplique par
lâampleur des budgets dĂ©gagĂ©s et aussi par un large accord sur lâefficacitĂ© de cette mesure
quant Ă lâamĂ©lioration de la rĂ©ussite scolaire.
Le QuĂ©bec, grĂące Ă un octroi de prĂšs de 2 000 postes dâenseignants, a aussi instaurĂ©, de
2000 Ă 2004, une mesure de DNĂ dans les classes du premier cycle du primaire (passage
dâune moyenne de 23-25 Ă 20-22) et rĂ©duit encore plus les effectifs en milieu
socioĂ©conomiquement faible (MSĂF) oĂč, comme dans les maternelles, la premiĂšre et la
deuxiĂšme annĂ©e comptent dorĂ©navant 18 Ă©lĂšves et moins. LâintĂ©rĂȘt que suscite cette mesure
est dĂ» Ă lâensemble des recherches documentaires et Ă©valuatives qui, historiquement, depuis
Head Start et Follow Through, Ă la fin des annĂ©es 1960, jusquâau projet de rĂ©fĂ©rence
Student Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR) au Tennessee, en 1997-99, en passant par les
programmes « A Nation at Risk » et « No Child Left Behind », ont montrĂ©, aux Ătats-Unis,
en quoi le contrĂŽle de lâeffectif dâun groupe-classe au dĂ©but de la scolarisation permettait Ă
la fois de « créer un environnement favorable aux apprentissages et à la réussite de tous les
élÚves » tout en permettant de « reconnaßtre les premiÚres manifestations des difficultés et
dâintervenir rapidement » (Gouvernement du QuĂ©bec, 1999, p. 3).
Les Ătats-Unis et le QuĂ©bec (Chatterji, 2006; Neveu et Blais, 2002) ne sont pas les seuls Ă
sâappuyer sur ces conclusions documentĂ©es puisque le Canada (Bascia, 2010a; Bascia
2010b; Haughey et al., 2003; Nicholls, 2002), comme lâensemble des pays du
Commonwealth (Pedder, 2006; ENAP, 2007), mais aussi de lâUnion europĂ©enne
3
(Parlement de la Communauté Française de Belgique, 2005; OCDE, 2008; Jakubowski et
Sakiwiki, 2006), reconnaissent lâimpact favorable sur la rĂ©ussite scolaire de la rĂ©duction de
la taille des groupes dans les trois premiÚres années de scolarisation, en particulier chez des
enfants de groupes vulnĂ©rables : afro-amĂ©ricains aux Ătats-Unis, issus de lâimmigration
rĂ©cente en Europe, de milieux dĂ©favorisĂ©s au QuĂ©bec, etc. Une classe avec moins dâĂ©lĂšves
devrait demander moins dâinterventions disciplinaires et, du coup, amĂ©liorer les interactions
(relations Ă©lĂšvesâenseignants, relations entre les Ă©lĂšves, travail dâĂ©quipe, etc.), favoriser
lâindividualisation de lâapprentissage (aide spĂ©cifique en classe, rĂ©ponse aux besoins
individuels), libérer un plus large espace pour les élÚves et augmenter le temps et la qualité
de lâenseignement dispensĂ© (approfondissement des savoirs, plus grande discipline).
2. Principales questions
Les débats sont encore nombreux et les recherches au Québec doivent à leur tour tenter
dâĂ©valuer pourquoi et dans quelles conditions la DNĂ produit un changement positif,
notamment chez les Ă©lĂšves Ă risque. Afin dây rĂ©pondre, il faut poser une sĂ©rie de questions
qui dĂ©passent le simple constat dâun lien diminution-amĂ©lioration en identifiant les effets :
1. Sur quoi : lâapprentissage, les performances scolaires, lâintĂ©gration socioscolaire?
2. Sur qui : les titulaires des classes du premier cycle du primaire, les autres
enseignants, les élÚves, les spécialistes, les parents?
3. Comment : quels facteurs sont en jeu, quelles variables interviennent ? La qualité
des enseignants? Les besoins des Ă©lĂšves? Le climat de classe? Le projet
pédagogique?
4. à travers quelles médiations : les relations et interactions enseignant-élÚve(s), les
approches pĂ©dagogiques, lâindividuation des apprentissages, le travail dâĂ©quipe?
5. Avec quelles ressources : structurelles, organisationnelles, budgétaires, humaines?
6. Dans quelles conditions : de financement, dâimplantation, de dĂ©veloppement, de
maintien, dâĂ©valuation?
7. JusquâĂ quel point : avec quels rĂ©sultats quant Ă lâobjectif premier de crĂ©er un
environnement favorable Ă lâapprentissage et propice Ă identifier les difficultĂ©s dĂšs
leur apparition afin dâamĂ©liorer la rĂ©ussite?
4
3. Objectifs poursuivis
Pour répondre à ces questions, une équipe multidisciplinaire (psychologie, sociologie,
éducation) et interuniversitaire (UQAM, UdeM et USHERB), composée de chercheurs et
de leurs assistants Ă©tudiants qui partagent des thĂšmes communs liĂ©s Ă lâĂ©galitĂ© des chances
en Ă©ducation (Terrisse et al., 2001; LarivĂ©e et al., 2006), veut, dix ans aprĂšs lâinstauration
de la DNà au Québec et au moment du passage récent au secondaire des premiers élÚves
bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de cette mesure, conduire une recherche Ă©valuative issue dâune proposition
commune du FQRSC, du MĂLS et de la FCSQ. Cet appel oriente la dĂ©finition des objectifs
de cette recherche, soit :
1. Identifier les conditions dâimplantation de la mesure de DNĂ (besoin 1)
2. Analyser les retombées pédagogiques directes sur les classes de petite taille (besoin
2) et indirectes sur lâĂ©cole et le milieu (besoins 2 et 3)
3. Comparer les résultats de ces analyses aux expériences similaires nationales et
internationales.MinistĂšre de lâĂducation, du Loisir et du Sport (MELS)
Fonds québécois de recherche sur la société et la culture (FQRSC)
Fédération des commissions scolaires du Québec (FCSQ
Discovery and Clinical Proof-of-Concept of RLY-2608, a First-in-Class Mutant-Selective Allosteric PI3Kα Inhibitor That Decouples Antitumor Activity from Hyperinsulinemia
PIK3CA (PI3Kα) is a lipid kinase commonly mutated in cancer, including âŒ40% of hormone receptorâpositive breast cancer. The most frequently observed mutants occur in the kinase and helical domains. Orthosteric PI3Kα inhibitors suffer from poor selectivity leading to undesirable side effects, most prominently hyperglycemia due to inhibition of wild-type (WT) PI3Kα. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulations and cryo-electron microscopy to identify an allosteric network that provides an explanation for how mutations favor PI3Kα activation. A DNA-encoded library screen leveraging electron microscopy-optimized constructs, differential enrichment, and an orthosteric-blocking compound led to the identification of RLY-2608, a first-in-class allosteric mutant-selective inhibitor of PI3Kα. RLY-2608 inhibited tumor growth in PIK3CA-mutant xenograft models with minimal impact on insulin, a marker of dysregulated glucose homeostasis. RLY-2608 elicited objective tumor responses in two patients diagnosed with advanced hormone receptorâpositive breast cancer with kinase or helical domain PIK3CA mutations, with no observed WT PI3Kα-related toxicities. Significance:
Treatments for PIK3CA-mutant cancers are limited by toxicities associated with the inhibition of WT PI3Kα. Molecular dynamics, cryo-electron microscopy, and DNA-encoded libraries were used to develop RLY-2608, a first-in-class inhibitor that demonstrates mutant selectivity in patients. This marks the advance of clinical mutant-selective inhibition that overcomes limitations of orthosteric PI3Kα inhibitors
International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis
Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICARâRS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICARâRSâ2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidenceâbased findings of the document. Methods: ICARâRS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidenceâbased reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidenceâbased reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICARâRSâ2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidenceâbased management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICARâRSâ2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidenceâbased recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS
Ătude Ă©valuative des impacts du programme "Famille, Ă©cole et communautĂ©, rĂ©ussir ensemble" (FECRE) sur la crĂ©ation de communautĂ©s Ă©ducatives soutenant la persĂ©vĂ©rance et la rĂ©ussite scolaire dâĂ©lĂšves "Ă risque" au primaire. Rapport final de la recherche subventionnĂ©e nÂș 2007-EC-118198
Objectifs généraux
1) Ăvaluer les caractĂ©ristiques distinctives, les modalitĂ©s et les caractĂ©ristiques de la trajectoire de mise en oeuvre du programme "Famille, Ă©cole et communautĂ©, rĂ©ussir ensemble" FECRE au regard de tiers programmes destinĂ©s Ă soutenir la rĂ©ussite et la persĂ©vĂ©rance scolaire chez des Ă©lĂšves du primaire en msĂ©f;
2) Ăvaluer les retombĂ©es de la mise en oeuvre du programme FECRE sur la
persévérance et la réussite scolaire des élÚves concernés ainsi que sur la création
de communautĂ©s Ă©ducatives sur les territoires des 22 Ă©coles participantes.Fonds quĂ©bĂ©cois de recherche sur la sociĂ©tĂ© et la culture nÂș 2007-EC-1181981 Introduction 1
2 Le programme FECRE en bref 2
3 Les objectifs de la recherche 4
4 Présentation des résultats 5
4.1 Avertissement 5
4.2 Premier objectif 6
4.2.1 Ce qui a été retenu et ce qui a été exclu 6
4.2.2 Ce qui distingue FECRE 7
4.2.3 Lâanalyse des modalitĂ©s et des caractĂ©ristiques de la
trajectoire de mise en oeuvre du programme FECRE
11
4.2.3.1 Principales sources dâinformation 11
4.2.3.2 Interprétation des résultats 12
4.2.3.2.1 La trajectoire des Ă©quipes locales 12
En résumé 17
4.2.3.2.2 RÎle, particularité et évolution des plans de réussite
FECRE
21
En résumé 21
4.3 DeuxiĂšme objectif 22
4.3.1 Principales sources dâinformation 23
4.3.2 Les effets de FECRE sur la réussite éducative selon
les systĂšmes
23
4.3.2.1 Effets sur le systĂšme Ă©cole 23
4.3.2.2 Effets sur le systĂšme famille 27
4.3.2.3 Effets sur le systĂšme enfant 29
Recherche Ă©valuative FECRE Larose et coll.
Rapport final Mars 2010
4.3.3 Les indicateurs indirects dâeffets de FECRE sur la
réussite scolaire (performance)
31
5 En guise de conclusion 32
6 Limites de lâĂ©tude et prospective 33
Références 36
Annexe 1 : informations dâordre mĂ©thodologiqu
Eosinophil counts in first COPD hospitalizations: a 1-year cost analysis in Quebec, Canada
Thomas G Poder1–3 Nathalie Carrier,1 Maryse Bélanger,1,4 Simon Couillard,1,4 Josiane Courteau,1 Pierre Larivée,1,4 Alain Vanasse1,3 1Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 2Health Technology Assessment Unit, UETMIS, CIUSSS de l’Estrie – CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 3Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 4Respirology Service Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada Background: Exacerbations explain much of the cost of COPD. Higher blood eosinophil cell counts at admission for acute exacerbation of COPD increase the risk of subsequent exacerbations and hospitalizations. However, there is no literature on the economic burden of patients with this inflammatory profile. The objective of this study is to assess the cost of health-care service utilization according to different counts of blood eosinophils.Methods: The observational retrospective cohort included all first hospitalizations for COPD exacerbation between April 2006 and March 2013. The eosinophilic group was defined by blood eosinophil counts on admission ≥200 cells/µL and/or ≥2% of the total white blood cell count. Study outcomes were: total costs (2016 Canadian dollars) (index hospitalization and 1-year follow-up), total index hospitalization costs, total 1-year costs (all-cause readmissions, ambulatory and emergency service use), and 1-year COPD-related costs (only cost for COPD after initial discharge). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of different eosinophil cut-offs on outcomes.Results: In total, 479 patients were included, 173 in the eosinophilic group (92 in the higher cut-off). The average total cost was 6,706 for the index hospitalization), without significant difference between groups (P=0.3). The average 1-year COPD-related cost was higher in the eosinophilic group (2,472, P=0.006), with an adjusted mean difference of 1,416. Analysis of data using the higher cut-off of ≥400 cells or ≥3% was associated with a slightly larger difference in 1-year COPD-related costs between groups (4,060 vs 1,640.Conclusion: A higher blood eosinophil cell count at admission for a first hospitalization is associated with an increase in total 1-year COPD-related costs. Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exacerbations, health-care utilization, cohort study, Canada, Quebe
Greater eosinophil counts at first COPD hospitalization are associated with more readmissions and fewer deaths
Qing Li,1 Pierre Larivée,2,3 Josiane Courteau,2 Simon Couillard,2,3 Thomas G Poder,2,4,5 Nathalie Carrier,2 Maryse Bélanger,2,3 Alain Vanasse2,5 1Center for Innovation Management Research of Xinjiang, School of Economics and Management, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China; 2Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 3Respirology Service, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 4Health Technology Assessment Unit, UETMISSS, CIUSSS de l’Estrie – CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 5Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada Purpose: The impacts of high blood eosinophil count (HBEC) at admission for COPD exacerbation on posthospitalization outcomes are still unclear. Previous studies have focused on its associations with first readmission rates; yet, its impacts on longitudinal outcomes such as subsequent readmissions still have to be explored. The main objective of this study is to investigate outcomes associated with HBEC following a first hospitalization for COPD exacerbation.Patients and methods: This is an observational cohort study design. We retrospectively analyzed data of patients with a first hospitalization within 5 years for COPD exacerbation between April 2006 and March 2013. Patients were stratified into the HBEC group if the blood eosinophil count at admission was ≥200 cells/µL and/or ≥2% of the total white blood cells. With information on exact dates of subsequent hospitalizations and death, we modeled readmissions and death as states in a multi-state Markov model and estimated transition probabilities to the next states. Sensitivity analyses were performed by varying thresholds for the definition of HBEC (≥300 cells/µL and/or ≥3%).Results: A total of 479 patients were included, of which 173 had HBEC. The transition probabilities for a first readmission was 74% (95% CI, 66%–83%) for patients with HBEC vs 70% (95% CI, 63%–77%) for patients with normal blood eosinophil count (NBEC). The transition probabilities for a second readmission were 91% (95% CI, 84%–100%) for HBEC patients in contrast with 83% (95% CI, 74%–92%) for NBEC patients. Meanwhile, transition probability for death was lower in patients with HBEC. The differences enlarged in sensitivity analyses with higher cutoff.Conclusion: Greater blood eosinophil cell counts during a first hospitalization for COPD predict increased susceptibility to up to two readmissions. These patients may however have a lower risk of death. Keywords: COPD, blood eosinophil cell count, exacerbations, readmissions, death, multi-state Markov model, transition probability, observational cohort study, clinical data, administrative dat
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