74 research outputs found

    The Leiodolide B Puzzle

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    Out of options? Even though a systematic approach was chosen, which led to a set of four diastereomeric macrolides modeled around the proposed structure of leiodolide B (see picture), the puzzle concerning the stereostructure of this cytotoxic metabolite derived from a deep-sea sponge still remains unsolved

    La rĂ©duction des effectifs dans la classe pour favoriser la rĂ©ussite scolaire: Ă©tude de l’implantation et des retombĂ©es de la diminution du nombre d’élĂšves par classe au prĂ©scolaire et au premier cycle du primaire au QuĂ©bec

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    Au QuĂ©bec, la mesure de diminution du nombre d’élĂšves (DNÉ) par classe a Ă©tĂ© implantĂ©e par le ministĂšre de l’Éducation en 2000 au prĂ©scolaire et au primaire en milieu dĂ©favorisĂ© (Gouvernement du QuĂ©bec, 1999). Aux États-Unis, la dĂ©cision du CongrĂšs, en 1999, de financer l’engagement supplĂ©mentaire d’enseignants pour favoriser une politique d’égalitĂ© des chances par le programme Class Size Reduction (CSR) a rencontrĂ© un vif succĂšs puisque, dĂšs 2002, plus de la moitiĂ© des Ă©tats amĂ©ricains avaient ramenĂ© Ă  moins de 18 le nombre d’élĂšves dans les classes des trois premiĂšres annĂ©es de l’école primaire. La rapide adhĂ©sion Ă  ce programme s’explique par l’ampleur des budgets dĂ©gagĂ©s et aussi par un large accord sur l’efficacitĂ© de cette mesure quant Ă  l’amĂ©lioration de la rĂ©ussite scolaire. Le QuĂ©bec, grĂące Ă  un octroi de prĂšs de 2 000 postes d’enseignants, a aussi instaurĂ©, de 2000 Ă  2004, une mesure de DNÉ dans les classes du premier cycle du primaire (passage d’une moyenne de 23-25 Ă  20-22) et rĂ©duit encore plus les effectifs en milieu socioĂ©conomiquement faible (MSÉF) oĂč, comme dans les maternelles, la premiĂšre et la deuxiĂšme annĂ©e comptent dorĂ©navant 18 Ă©lĂšves et moins. L’intĂ©rĂȘt que suscite cette mesure est dĂ» Ă  l’ensemble des recherches documentaires et Ă©valuatives qui, historiquement, depuis Head Start et Follow Through, Ă  la fin des annĂ©es 1960, jusqu’au projet de rĂ©fĂ©rence Student Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR) au Tennessee, en 1997-99, en passant par les programmes « A Nation at Risk » et « No Child Left Behind », ont montrĂ©, aux États-Unis, en quoi le contrĂŽle de l’effectif d’un groupe-classe au dĂ©but de la scolarisation permettait Ă  la fois de « crĂ©er un environnement favorable aux apprentissages et Ă  la rĂ©ussite de tous les Ă©lĂšves » tout en permettant de « reconnaĂźtre les premiĂšres manifestations des difficultĂ©s et d’intervenir rapidement » (Gouvernement du QuĂ©bec, 1999, p. 3). Les États-Unis et le QuĂ©bec (Chatterji, 2006; Neveu et Blais, 2002) ne sont pas les seuls Ă  s’appuyer sur ces conclusions documentĂ©es puisque le Canada (Bascia, 2010a; Bascia 2010b; Haughey et al., 2003; Nicholls, 2002), comme l’ensemble des pays du Commonwealth (Pedder, 2006; ENAP, 2007), mais aussi de l’Union europĂ©enne 3 (Parlement de la CommunautĂ© Française de Belgique, 2005; OCDE, 2008; Jakubowski et Sakiwiki, 2006), reconnaissent l’impact favorable sur la rĂ©ussite scolaire de la rĂ©duction de la taille des groupes dans les trois premiĂšres annĂ©es de scolarisation, en particulier chez des enfants de groupes vulnĂ©rables : afro-amĂ©ricains aux États-Unis, issus de l’immigration rĂ©cente en Europe, de milieux dĂ©favorisĂ©s au QuĂ©bec, etc. Une classe avec moins d’élĂšves devrait demander moins d’interventions disciplinaires et, du coup, amĂ©liorer les interactions (relations Ă©lĂšves–enseignants, relations entre les Ă©lĂšves, travail d’équipe, etc.), favoriser l’individualisation de l’apprentissage (aide spĂ©cifique en classe, rĂ©ponse aux besoins individuels), libĂ©rer un plus large espace pour les Ă©lĂšves et augmenter le temps et la qualitĂ© de l’enseignement dispensĂ© (approfondissement des savoirs, plus grande discipline). 2. Principales questions Les dĂ©bats sont encore nombreux et les recherches au QuĂ©bec doivent Ă  leur tour tenter d’évaluer pourquoi et dans quelles conditions la DNÉ produit un changement positif, notamment chez les Ă©lĂšves Ă  risque. Afin d’y rĂ©pondre, il faut poser une sĂ©rie de questions qui dĂ©passent le simple constat d’un lien diminution-amĂ©lioration en identifiant les effets : 1. Sur quoi : l’apprentissage, les performances scolaires, l’intĂ©gration socioscolaire? 2. Sur qui : les titulaires des classes du premier cycle du primaire, les autres enseignants, les Ă©lĂšves, les spĂ©cialistes, les parents? 3. Comment : quels facteurs sont en jeu, quelles variables interviennent ? La qualitĂ© des enseignants? Les besoins des Ă©lĂšves? Le climat de classe? Le projet pĂ©dagogique? 4. À travers quelles mĂ©diations : les relations et interactions enseignant-Ă©lĂšve(s), les approches pĂ©dagogiques, l’individuation des apprentissages, le travail d’équipe? 5. Avec quelles ressources : structurelles, organisationnelles, budgĂ©taires, humaines? 6. Dans quelles conditions : de financement, d’implantation, de dĂ©veloppement, de maintien, d’évaluation? 7. Jusqu’à quel point : avec quels rĂ©sultats quant Ă  l’objectif premier de crĂ©er un environnement favorable Ă  l’apprentissage et propice Ă  identifier les difficultĂ©s dĂšs leur apparition afin d’amĂ©liorer la rĂ©ussite? 4 3. Objectifs poursuivis Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces questions, une Ă©quipe multidisciplinaire (psychologie, sociologie, Ă©ducation) et interuniversitaire (UQAM, UdeM et USHERB), composĂ©e de chercheurs et de leurs assistants Ă©tudiants qui partagent des thĂšmes communs liĂ©s Ă  l’égalitĂ© des chances en Ă©ducation (Terrisse et al., 2001; LarivĂ©e et al., 2006), veut, dix ans aprĂšs l’instauration de la DNÉ au QuĂ©bec et au moment du passage rĂ©cent au secondaire des premiers Ă©lĂšves bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de cette mesure, conduire une recherche Ă©valuative issue d’une proposition commune du FQRSC, du MÉLS et de la FCSQ. Cet appel oriente la dĂ©finition des objectifs de cette recherche, soit : 1. Identifier les conditions d’implantation de la mesure de DNÉ (besoin 1) 2. Analyser les retombĂ©es pĂ©dagogiques directes sur les classes de petite taille (besoin 2) et indirectes sur l’école et le milieu (besoins 2 et 3) 3. Comparer les rĂ©sultats de ces analyses aux expĂ©riences similaires nationales et internationales.MinistĂšre de l’Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport (MELS) Fonds quĂ©bĂ©cois de recherche sur la sociĂ©tĂ© et la culture (FQRSC) FĂ©dĂ©ration des commissions scolaires du QuĂ©bec (FCSQ

    Discovery and Clinical Proof-of-Concept of RLY-2608, a First-in-Class Mutant-Selective Allosteric PI3Kα Inhibitor That Decouples Antitumor Activity from Hyperinsulinemia

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    PIK3CA (PI3Kα) is a lipid kinase commonly mutated in cancer, including ∌40% of hormone receptor–positive breast cancer. The most frequently observed mutants occur in the kinase and helical domains. Orthosteric PI3Kα inhibitors suffer from poor selectivity leading to undesirable side effects, most prominently hyperglycemia due to inhibition of wild-type (WT) PI3Kα. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulations and cryo-electron microscopy to identify an allosteric network that provides an explanation for how mutations favor PI3Kα activation. A DNA-encoded library screen leveraging electron microscopy-optimized constructs, differential enrichment, and an orthosteric-blocking compound led to the identification of RLY-2608, a first-in-class allosteric mutant-selective inhibitor of PI3Kα. RLY-2608 inhibited tumor growth in PIK3CA-mutant xenograft models with minimal impact on insulin, a marker of dysregulated glucose homeostasis. RLY-2608 elicited objective tumor responses in two patients diagnosed with advanced hormone receptor–positive breast cancer with kinase or helical domain PIK3CA mutations, with no observed WT PI3Kα-related toxicities. Significance: Treatments for PIK3CA-mutant cancers are limited by toxicities associated with the inhibition of WT PI3Kα. Molecular dynamics, cryo-electron microscopy, and DNA-encoded libraries were used to develop RLY-2608, a first-in-class inhibitor that demonstrates mutant selectivity in patients. This marks the advance of clinical mutant-selective inhibition that overcomes limitations of orthosteric PI3Kα inhibitors

    International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

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    Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

    Étude Ă©valuative des impacts du programme "Famille, Ă©cole et communautĂ©, rĂ©ussir ensemble" (FECRE) sur la crĂ©ation de communautĂ©s Ă©ducatives soutenant la persĂ©vĂ©rance et la rĂ©ussite scolaire d’élĂšves "Ă  risque" au primaire. Rapport final de la recherche subventionnĂ©e nÂș 2007-EC-118198

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    Objectifs gĂ©nĂ©raux 1) Évaluer les caractĂ©ristiques distinctives, les modalitĂ©s et les caractĂ©ristiques de la trajectoire de mise en oeuvre du programme "Famille, Ă©cole et communautĂ©, rĂ©ussir ensemble" FECRE au regard de tiers programmes destinĂ©s Ă  soutenir la rĂ©ussite et la persĂ©vĂ©rance scolaire chez des Ă©lĂšves du primaire en msĂ©f; 2) Évaluer les retombĂ©es de la mise en oeuvre du programme FECRE sur la persĂ©vĂ©rance et la rĂ©ussite scolaire des Ă©lĂšves concernĂ©s ainsi que sur la crĂ©ation de communautĂ©s Ă©ducatives sur les territoires des 22 Ă©coles participantes.Fonds quĂ©bĂ©cois de recherche sur la sociĂ©tĂ© et la culture nÂș 2007-EC-1181981 Introduction 1 2 Le programme FECRE en bref 2 3 Les objectifs de la recherche 4 4 PrĂ©sentation des rĂ©sultats 5 4.1 Avertissement 5 4.2 Premier objectif 6 4.2.1 Ce qui a Ă©tĂ© retenu et ce qui a Ă©tĂ© exclu 6 4.2.2 Ce qui distingue FECRE 7 4.2.3 L’analyse des modalitĂ©s et des caractĂ©ristiques de la trajectoire de mise en oeuvre du programme FECRE 11 4.2.3.1 Principales sources d’information 11 4.2.3.2 InterprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats 12 4.2.3.2.1 La trajectoire des Ă©quipes locales 12 En rĂ©sumĂ© 17 4.2.3.2.2 RĂŽle, particularitĂ© et Ă©volution des plans de rĂ©ussite FECRE 21 En rĂ©sumĂ© 21 4.3 DeuxiĂšme objectif 22 4.3.1 Principales sources d’information 23 4.3.2 Les effets de FECRE sur la rĂ©ussite Ă©ducative selon les systĂšmes 23 4.3.2.1 Effets sur le systĂšme Ă©cole 23 4.3.2.2 Effets sur le systĂšme famille 27 4.3.2.3 Effets sur le systĂšme enfant 29 Recherche Ă©valuative FECRE Larose et coll. Rapport final Mars 2010 4.3.3 Les indicateurs indirects d’effets de FECRE sur la rĂ©ussite scolaire (performance) 31 5 En guise de conclusion 32 6 Limites de l’étude et prospective 33 RĂ©fĂ©rences 36 Annexe 1 : informations d’ordre mĂ©thodologiqu

    Eosinophil counts in first COPD hospitalizations: a 1-year cost analysis in Quebec, Canada

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    Thomas G Poder1–3 Nathalie Carrier,1 Maryse Bélanger,1,4 Simon Couillard,1,4 Josiane Courteau,1 Pierre Larivée,1,4 Alain Vanasse1,3 1Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 2Health Technology Assessment Unit, UETMIS, CIUSSS de l’Estrie – CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 3Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 4Respirology Service Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada Background: Exacerbations explain much of the cost of COPD. Higher blood eosinophil cell counts at admission for acute exacerbation of COPD increase the risk of subsequent exacerbations and hospitalizations. However, there is no literature on the economic burden of patients with this inflammatory profile. The objective of this study is to assess the cost of health-care service utilization according to different counts of blood eosinophils.Methods: The observational retrospective cohort included all first hospitalizations for COPD exacerbation between April 2006 and March 2013. The eosinophilic group was defined by blood eosinophil counts on admission ≥200 cells/µL and/or ≥2% of the total white blood cell count. Study outcomes were: total costs (2016 Canadian dollars) (index hospitalization and 1-year follow-up), total index hospitalization costs, total 1-year costs (all-cause readmissions, ambulatory and emergency service use), and 1-year COPD-related costs (only cost for COPD after initial discharge). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of different eosinophil cut-offs on outcomes.Results: In total, 479 patients were included, 173 in the eosinophilic group (92 in the higher cut-off). The average total cost was 18,263(18,263 (6,706 for the index hospitalization), without significant difference between groups (P=0.3). The average 1-year COPD-related cost was higher in the eosinophilic group (3,667vs3,667 vs 2,472, P=0.006), with an adjusted mean difference of 1,416. Analysis of data using the higher cut-off of ≥400 cells or ≥3% was associated with a slightly larger difference in 1-year COPD-related costs between groups (4,060 vs 2,629,P=0.003),withanadjustedmeandifferenceof2,629, P=0.003), with an adjusted mean difference of 1,640.Conclusion: A higher blood eosinophil cell count at admission for a first hospitalization is associated with an increase in total 1-year COPD-related costs. Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exacerbations, health-care utilization, cohort study, Canada, Quebe

    Greater eosinophil counts at first COPD hospitalization are associated with more readmissions and fewer deaths

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    Qing Li,1 Pierre Larivée,2,3 Josiane Courteau,2 Simon Couillard,2,3 Thomas G Poder,2,4,5 Nathalie Carrier,2 Maryse Bélanger,2,3 Alain Vanasse2,5 1Center for Innovation Management Research of Xinjiang, School of Economics and Management, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China; 2Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 3Respirology Service, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 4Health Technology Assessment Unit, UETMISSS, CIUSSS de l’Estrie – CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 5Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada Purpose: The impacts of high blood eosinophil count (HBEC) at admission for COPD exacerbation on posthospitalization outcomes are still unclear. Previous studies have focused on its associations with first readmission rates; yet, its impacts on longitudinal outcomes such as subsequent readmissions still have to be explored. The main objective of this study is to investigate outcomes associated with HBEC following a first hospitalization for COPD exacerbation.Patients and methods: This is an observational cohort study design. We retrospectively analyzed data of patients with a first hospitalization within 5 years for COPD exacerbation between April 2006 and March 2013. Patients were stratified into the HBEC group if the blood eosinophil count at admission was ≥200 cells/µL and/or ≥2% of the total white blood cells. With information on exact dates of subsequent hospitalizations and death, we modeled readmissions and death as states in a multi-state Markov model and estimated transition probabilities to the next states. Sensitivity analyses were performed by varying thresholds for the definition of HBEC (≥300 cells/µL and/or ≥3%).Results: A total of 479 patients were included, of which 173 had HBEC. The transition probabilities for a first readmission was 74% (95% CI, 66%–83%) for patients with HBEC vs 70% (95% CI, 63%–77%) for patients with normal blood eosinophil count (NBEC). The transition probabilities for a second readmission were 91% (95% CI, 84%–100%) for HBEC patients in contrast with 83% (95% CI, 74%–92%) for NBEC patients. Meanwhile, transition probability for death was lower in patients with HBEC. The differences enlarged in sensitivity analyses with higher cutoff.Conclusion: Greater blood eosinophil cell counts during a first hospitalization for COPD predict increased susceptibility to up to two readmissions. These patients may however have a lower risk of death. Keywords: COPD, blood eosinophil cell count, exacerbations, readmissions, death, multi-state Markov model, transition probability, observational cohort study, clinical data, administrative dat
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