A relationship between causative agents of infectious diarrhea and fatal outcomes in pre-school children

Infectious diarrhea is one of the leading causes of fatal outcomes in young children. Differential diagnostics of such infections within the first hours of illness poses significant objective obstacles. Data from laboratory studies of autopsy material and pathological studies provide valuable information for understanding the spectrum of differential diagnostics and etiological structure of infectious diarrhea with fatal outcomes in young children. Materials and methods. There were analyzed 100 cases of fatal outcomes in children under the age of six years registered in Russia from November 2011 to December 2019, who was diagnosed with infectious diarrhea at different levels of the healthcare system. The data were assessed based on available medical case reports and the laboratory testing of autopsy samples performed by using nucleic acid amplification methods. Results. The diagnosis of infectious diarrhea was revised in 24 patients, based on the data of a set of intravital and post-mortem studies. In patients with unconfirmed diagnosis of acute intestinal infections, pneumonia was the most often detected — in 45.8% (11/24), sepsis — in 29.2% (7/24), meningitis/meningoencephalitis, acute surgical pathology and asphyxiation associated with vomit aspiration — in 16.7 % (4/24) cases. The causative agents of infectious diarrhea were identified in 71 of 76 patients with confirmed diagnosis of acute intestinal infections. Most prevalent were group A rotaviruses — 52.6% (40/76), group F adenoviruses — 17.1% (13/76), and noroviruses — 13.2% (10/76). Combination of pathogens was detected in 29 cases (38.2%). Prehospital lethal outcomes in patients with infectious diarrhea were observed in 17 cases (22.4%). In total, rate of neonatal deaths due to acute intestinal infections accounted for 62.2% and 2-year-old toddlers — 20.3%. 64 of 76 (84%) children had no unfavorable premorbid background. The most common pathologies associated with infectious diarrhea with developing fatal outcomes were pneumonia (including aspiration pneumonia) in 22.4% (17/76) and aspiration asphyxia in 6.6% (5/76). Hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with diarrhea was diagnosed in 7.9% (6/76) of children. Conclusions. Within the first years of life children comprise a risk group for developing fatal outcomes during infectious diarrhea. Lack of unfavorable premorbid background should not be considered as a reliable positive prognostic criterion. Diagnostics of pneumonia should be included in the mandatory examination plan for children with severe infectious diar rhea. Based on study of clinical and autopsy material, group A rotaviruses were the lead causative agents among those resulting in infectious diarrhea with fatal outcomes in young children. Special attention should be paid to preventing vomit aspiration within the first days after disease onset

Brief space and time characteristics of epizootic plague situation in Kazakhstan in 2011

The natural plague foci of Kazakhstan occupy a huge territory. The mapping of these foci is a very important part of the plague monitoring and has a scientific and practical meaning. The old paper mapped data have been obsolete and. all previous and. current data have been digitized now. The digitizing of the data was carried by ArcGIS program. The epidemiological and epizootological analysis of the data of 2012 showed that the Kazakh plague natural foci were active in that time. And the analysis showed that by the complex factors a more active and epidemic hazardous area was Qyzylorda Region

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation is associated with reduced levels of inflammation in glioma patients

Raushan Auezova,1 Natalia Ivanova,2 Serik Akshulakov,1 Berik Zhetpisbaev,1 Aizhan Kozhakhmetova,1 Nurzhan Ryskeldiyev,1 Khalit Mustafin,1 Daniyar Teltayev,1 Lizette Auezova31Department of Pathology of the Central Nervous System, National Center for Neurosurgery, Astana, Kazakhstan; 2Scientific Department, Polenov Russian Scientific Research Institute of Neurosurgery (a branch of Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Center), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; 3Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences-II, Lebanese University, Beirut, LebanonBackground: Glioma patients with mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase have improved survival; this could be in part due to the suppressive effect of mutant IDH on the level of chronic inflammation. This study aimed to prospectively analyze the association of IDH1 mutation status with preoperative levels of blood inflammatory markers: neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and red cell distribution width (RDW) in gliomas.Patients and methods: Receiver operating characteristic curves for cutoff value determination, various bivariate tests, and survival analyses (Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression) were performed.Results: Patients with mutant IDH1 had reduced levels of NLR (P<0.032) and CRP (P<0.008). Moreover, these patients showed better median overall survival compared to those without IDH1 mutation (P<0.000). In univariate analysis, IDH1 mutation status (P<0.000), NLR (P<0.000), PLR (P<0.008), and CRP (P<0.001) were among the factors associated with survival. By multivariate analysis, IDH1 mutation (P<0.044) and NLRP<0.022) remained independent factors associated with better survival; other independent variables were tumor grade (P<0.000) and location in noneloquent area (P<0.015).Conclusion: The obtained results show that IDH1 mutation is associated with lower levels of chronic inflammation that could account for an improved prognosis in this group of patients.Keywords: glioma, IDH, inflammation, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, surviva

GUT MODULATION OF DYSBIOSIS INDUCED BY DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM

Inflammatory bowel disease is one of the serious burdens of clinical medicine and healthcare. This study investigated the potential of a biological product based on mare's milk and metabolites of symbiotic microflora for modulation of intestinal microflora affected by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced dysbiosis. Symbiotic microflora was isolated from the stool of healthy volunteers. Lysates for the production of short-chain fatty acids of screened microorganisms were mixed with mare's milk. The activity of the biological product was evaluated on the DSS model of induced colitis. Histological changes in the intestinal epithelium were determined. The structure of the microbiome was evaluated based on the analysis of 16S rRNA microbial sequences. Histological examination of rat intestinal tissues after application of the biological product showed reduced infiltration of granulocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. The results of sequencing demonstrated a decrease in the biological diversity of microbiota affected by colitis. The full recovery was observed after 21 days of the application of the biological product. The product induced the structural changes of the microbiome damaged by DSS. Likewise, the number of the pathogenic intestinal microflora was decreased Representatives of SCFA producing bacteria increased concentrations of genus Lactobacillus